Plant Structure and Function Flashcards
Tissues and Vascular Systems
What type of tissue is responsible for plant growth and repair?
Meristem
Tissues and Vascular Systems
The primary tissues responsible for transporting water and nutrients in vascular plants are:
a) Parenchyma
b) Xylem
c) Collenchyma
d) Meristem
b) Xylem
Tissues and Vascular Systems
Xylem and phloem together form the plant’s vascular tissue, also known as the _____.
complex tissue
Tissues and Vascular Systems
TF: Phloem transports water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant.
False
transports sugars and other organic materials
Tissues and Vascular Systems
How does the structure of xylem vessels differ from phloem sieve tubes, allowing for their distinct functions?
Xylem vessels have wider lumens (openings) for efficient water transport, while phloem sieve tubes have smaller openings and companion cells to facilitate controlled sugar movement.
Tissues and Vascular Systems
What tissue type provides structural support to plants?
Sclerenchyma
Tissues and Vascular Systems
The ground tissue responsible for photosynthesis is:
a) Sclerenchyma
b) Collenchyma
c) Chlorenchyma
d) Meristem
c) Chlorenchyma
Tissues and Vascular Systems
The three primary tissue systems in vascular plants are dermal, vascular, and _____.
ground tissue
Plant Organs
What is the main function of a plant’s root system?
Absorption of water and minerals, providing anchorage
Plant Organs
The three main parts of a root system are the root cap, the _____, and the root hairs.
zone of elongation
Plant Organs
The waxy outer layer of a plant stem is derived from the:
a) Xylem
b) Phloem
c) Epidermis
d) Parenchyma
c) Epidermis
Plant Organs
TF: Leaves are the primary organs for photosynthesis in most vascular plants.
True
Plant Organs
What is the midvein of a leaf composed of?
Vascular tissue
xylem and phloem
Plant Organs
Explain the difference between determinate and indeterminate growth in plant stems.
Determinate stems have a fixed bud at the tip that eventually becomes a flower, limiting further growth in length. Indeterminate stems have an apical bud that continues to grow, allowing for indefinite elongation.
Plant Organs
Flowers are the modified reproductive organs of plants. What part of the flower develops into a fruit?
a) Sepals
b) Petals
c) Ovary
d) Stamen
c) Ovary
Plant Organs
The stalk that connects a flower to the stem is called the _____.
pedicel
What type of meristem is responsible for increasing the plant’s length?
Apical Meristem
Auxin is a plant hormone that primarily influences:
a) Stomatal opening and closing
b) Stem elongation
c) Root development
d) Fruit ripening
b) Stem elongation
The process by which a seed dormancy period is broken is called _____.
germination
TF: Phototropism is a plant’s response to the direction of gravity.
False
response to light
How do phototropism and gravitropism work together to ensure optimal plant growth?
Phototropism helps the shoot grow towards sunlight for photosynthesis, while gravitropism ensures roots grow downward for anchorage and water/nutrient uptake.
What environmental cue triggers the process of photoperiodism in plants?
Day length
Ethylene gas is a plant hormone involved in:
a) Seed germination
b) Stem elongation
c) Fruit ripening
d) Phototropism
c) Fruit ripening
The zone of cell division in a root tip is located in the _____.
meristematic zone
TF: The vascular cambium is responsible for producing both primary and secondary xylem and phloem
False. The vascular cambium is responsible for producing secondary xylem and phloem, contributing to the increase in girth during secondary growth. Primary xylem and phloem are formed by the apical meristems during primary growth.
Explain the difference between primary and secondary growth in plants.
Primary growth increases the length of roots and shoots through the activity of apical meristems. Secondary growth increases the girth of stems and roots through the activity of the vascular cambium and cork cambium.
What tissue is produced by the vascular cambium, contributing to secondary growth in thickness?
Secondary xylem and phloem
The outermost layer of a mature woody stem is derived from the:
a) Vascular cambium
b) Cork cambium
c) Phloem
d) Xylem
b) Cork cambium
Annual plants complete their life cycle in ____, while perennial plants live for ____ or more seasons.
one year, multiple
TF: Deciduous plants lose their leaves in response to decreasing temperatures and day length.
True
What environmental factor triggers the formation of abscission zones, leading to leaf shedding in deciduous plants?
Shortening daylight hours (photoperiodism)
Wood formation in trees is primarily due to the accumulation of:
a) Phloem tissue
b) Secondary xylem
c) Meristematic tissue
d) Epidermis
b) Secondary xylem
The annual growth rings in the trunk of a tree are formed by the alternating layers of light-colored ____ wood and darker ____ wood.
springwood, summerwood
TF: Annual rings in trees provide a record of past environmental conditions.
True
wider rings may indicate wetter years
What asexual reproductive strategy involves the development of a new plant from a bud on a modified stem (like a potato)?
Vegetative propagation
Which of the following tissues is NOT a component of the vascular tissue system?
a) Xylem
b) Phloem
c) Meristem
d) Parenchyma
d) Parenchyma
What type of transport does the bulk flow mechanism facilitate in xylem?
Movement of water and dissolved minerals upwards
How does the collenchyma tissue differ from sclerenchyma tissue in terms of their structure and function?
Collenchyma provides flexible support to growing stems, while sclerenchyma offers rigid support in mature plant structures. Collenchyma cells have thickened primary walls, while sclerenchyma cells have lignified secondary walls.
TF: Aerenchyma tissue is found in aquatic plants and contains air spaces to facilitate gas exchange.
True
The casparian strip is a waxy thickening on the cell walls of ____ , which helps regulate water and solute flow into the vascular tissue.
Endodermal cells
What specialized root structures increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption?
Root hairs
The taproot system is a root system with a single, dominant primary root. In contrast, the fibrous root system has:
a) A single, shallow primary root
b) Many branching roots of similar size
c) No primary root
d) Roots that grow aerially
b) Many branching roots of similar size
The three main regions of a leaf blade are the ____, the ____, and the ____.
petiole, midvein, lamina
Stomata are tiny openings on the underside of leaves that allow for gas exchange (CO2 intake and O2 release) and water vapor release.
True
Explain the structural adaptations of xerophytes (plants adapted to dry environments) compared to mesophytes (plants adapted to moderate water availability).
Xerophytes have features like a thick waxy cuticle, sunken stomata, and reduced leaves to minimize water loss. Mesophytes have a thinner cuticle, more exposed stomata, and larger leaves for efficient gas exchange.
What type of meristem is responsible for producing new tissues within the plant body, contributing to secondary growth?
Vascular cambium
Gibberellins are plant hormones that play a role in:
a) Seed dormancy
b) Stem elongation
c) Ethylene production
d) Stomatal closure
b) Stem elongation
The process by which a plant emerges from a seed and begins to grow is called ____.
germination
Thigmotropism is a plant’s response to touch or physical stimuli.
True
e.g. tendrils coiling around support structures
How do apical dominance and lateral bud suppression influence plant architecture?
Apical dominance promotes the growth of the main stem, while suppressing lateral buds prevents excessive branching and allows the plant to focus resources on upward growth.
