Cumulative 1 Flashcards
Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because ________.
A) all share a recent common ancestor
B) all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures
C) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming
D) this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water
C) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming
As animals have evolved large body size, they have also evolved adaptations to improve exchange of energy and materials with the environment. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with ________.
A) more branching or folds
B) increased thickness
C) larger cells
D) decreased blood suppl
A) more branching or folds
Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the ________.
A) respiratory system
B) endocrine system
C) integumentary system
D) excretory system
B) Endocrine system
Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has ________.
A) less surface area
B) less surface area per unit of volume
C) a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and the external source of oxygen
D) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio
B) less surface area per unit of volume
Both the endocrine and nervous systems transmit information around an animal’s body. Which of the following is a characteristic of nervous system signals?
A) allow gradual changes to take place in the body
B) travel quickly, allowing rapid transmission of signals
C) usually impact the entire body
D) a voltage change must occur
B) travel quickly, allowing rapid transmission of signals
Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal
grows larger. What is the reason for this increase in gill size?
A) The young of these animals are much more active than the adult, which leads to a higher
BMR (basal metabolic rate) and, therefore, a higher need for oxygen.
B) Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport
all the oxygen they need.
C) The young have a higher BMR.
D) Relative to their surface area, the young have more body volume in which they can store
oxygen for long periods of time.
B) Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need.
Evolutionary adaptations that help some animals directly exchange matter between the cells of their body and the environment include ________.
A) a gastrovascular cavity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape
B) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body
C) a large body volume, a long, tubular body, and a set of wings
D) an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering
B) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body
All animals, whether large or small, have ________.
A) an external body surface that is dry
B) a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac
C) a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm
D) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium
D. most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium
Interstitial fluid is ________.
A) the internal environment inside animal cells
B) identical to blood in composition.
C) a site of exchange between blood and body cells
D) found only in the lumen of the small intestine
C) a site of exchange between blood and body cells
Generally, epithelial cell layers are responsible for separating two fluids. For example, the
epithelium of blood vessels in animals separates the blood from the interstitial fluid. What
characteristic would you expect to see in an epithelium that was specialized for passive diffusion
of materials from one fluid to another?
A) a single layer of flattened cells
B) many layers of cells stacked together
C) large, cube-shaped cells
D) loosely connected cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix
A) a single layer of flattened cells
Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with ________.
A) connective tissue
B) smooth muscle cells
C) neural tissue
D) epithelial tissue
D) Epithelial Tissue
Connective tissues typically have ________.
A) little space between the membranes of adjacent cells
B) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses
C) the ability to shorten upon stimulation
D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
In mammals, GH (growth hormone) is an endocrine signal that stimulates repair and growth
of various tissues. Which of the following would be required for a tissue to respond to growth
hormone?
A) the presence of a growth hormone receptor on the responding tissue
B) the responding tissue must be muscle
C) nerve cells must attach to the responding tissue for growth hormone to work
D) a voltage change must occur
A) the presence of a growth hormone receptor on the responding tissue
Blood is best classified as connective tissue because ________.
A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
B) it contains more than one type of cell
C) its cells can move from place to place
D) it is found within all the organs of the body
A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
Most types of communication between cells utilize ________.
A) the exchange of cytosol between the cells
B) the movement of the cells
C) chemical or electrical signals
D) the exchange of DNA between the cells
C) chemical or electrical signals
All types of muscle tissue have ________.
A) striated banding patterns seen under the microscope
B) cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated
C) a response that can be consciously controlled
D) interactions between actin and myosin
D) interactions between actin and myosin
Cardiac muscle cells are both ________.
A) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks
B) smooth and under voluntary control
C) striated and under voluntary control
D) smooth and under involuntary control
A) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks
Muscle cells are organized to perform specific types of contractions within a tissue. Which of
the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?
A) many cells fused together
B) intercalated discs
C) spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus
D) striations with sarcomeres
C) spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus
Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by ________.
A) cardiac muscle
B) smooth muscle
C) striated muscle
D) skeletal muscle
B) smooth muscle
In many animals, fat is stored in specialized cells in the ________.
A) bone
B) muscle
C) adipose tissue
D) blood
C) adipose tissue
Bone consists of ________.
A) a mixture of hardened collagen and minerals.
B) chondroitin sulfate secreted by chondrocytes.
C) many columnar epithelial cells packed together.
D) hardened fibrous connective tissue.
A) a mixture of hardened collagen and minerals
What is the name of the epithelial cell surface that faces the outside of an organ?
A) apical
B) basal
C) interstitial
D) lumen
B) Basal
Which organ system is responsible for protection against injury, infection, and dehydration?
A) Reproductive system
B) Excretory system
C) Skeletal system
D) Integumentary system
D) Integumentary System
Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology?
A) The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and waste it
produces are inversely proportional to its mass.
B) The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its
volume.
C) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal’s body
mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function.
D) The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles and triple as its surface area
triples.
C) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal’s body mass increases cubically while its surface are increases as a squared function
An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster?
A) The elephant will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.
B) The elephant will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio.
C) The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.
D) They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount.
C) The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio
You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume?
A) Pinch the edges of the cube into small folds.
B) Flatten the cube into a pancake shape.
C) Round the clay up into a sphere.
D) Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape.
C) Round the clay up into a sphere
The metabolic rate of an animal is most accurately determined by ________.
A) the amount of work done by an animal
B) the amount of food consumed during a meal
C) the amount of carbon dioxide produced by an animal in a given time.
D) the amount of energy used by an animal in a given time
D) the amount of energy used by an animal in a given time
The migratory eel, Anguilla rostrata, is born and lives the juvenile (immature) part of its life
in a freshwater environment, but then migrates thousands of miles through the ocean as an adult
in order to breed. These eels are known to regulate their internal water and salt balance. What
adaptations would you expect this eel to have in order to transition from fresh water to salt water
at these two life stages?
A) The juvenile eels would be better at removing salt from their bodies compared to adults.
B) The adult eels would be better at removing salt from their bodies compared to juveniles.
C) The juvenile eels would spend energy keeping water in their bodies.
D) The adult eels would spend energy keeping salt in their bodies.
B) The adult eels would be better at removing salt from their bodies compared to juveniles
The metamorphosis of a tadpole to an adult frog involves a thorough reconstruction of the animal’s body. All of the structural and physiological changes must be complete or the frog will not survive this transformation. Which type of regulation would ensure that the animal
completed its transformation?
A) positive feedback
B) negative feedback
C) feedback inhibition
D) enzymatic catalysis
A) positive feedback
When the body’s blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of ________.
A) catalytic feedback
B) positive feedback
C) negative feedback
D) protein-protein interactions
C) negative feedback
The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed as ________.
A) balanced equilibrium
B) physiological chance
C) homeostasis
D) static equilibrium
C) homeostasis
An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when ________.
A) the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 45°C
B) the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise
C) a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water
D) the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume
B) the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise
If a person were to travel to a time zone that was several hours ahead of their own, they may experience tiredness known as jet lag. Jet lag is due to a disruption of ________.
A) homeostasis
B) circadian rhythm
C) body temperature
D) nerve impulses
B) Circadian Rhythm
What would be an advantage for an animal that conforms to a changing environmental condition, such as temperature?
A) The animal’s internal temperature would remain constant, even though the external temperature had changed.
B) The animal’s internal temperature would change opposite to the change in the external temperature.
C) The animal would spend more time looking for food.
D) The animal would spend less energy regulating its internal temperature.
D) The animal would spend less energy regulating its internal temperature
You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species
can tolerate small changes in this way, but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels?
A) conformation
B) regulation
C) integration
D) assimilation
A) conformation
Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In fresh water, water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body. In
salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water. A salmon’s gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response to the salmon’s moves between fresh water and salt water, some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following?
A) evolution
B) trade-off
C) acclimatization
D) adaptation
C) acclimatization
To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmoths ________.
A) relax the muscles completely until after they launch themselves into the air
B) decrease their standard metabolic rate
C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth
D) reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to rest them before flight
C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth
In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm ________.
A) maintains a higher basal metabolic rate
B) expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than does the endotherm
C) invests little energy in temperature regulation
D) has greater insulation on its body surface
C) invests little energy in temperature regulation
Elephants can often be observed cooling off by spraying water over their bodies with their trunks. What type of heat exchange is occurring?
A) conduction
B) convection
C) radiation
D) evaporation
D) evaporation
An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a ________.
A) sea star living deep in the ocean
B) bass living in a farm pond
C) hummingbird flying through a prairie
D) honeybee in a hive on a rural farm
A) sea star living deep in the ocean
The panting responses observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by ________.
A) countercurrent exchange
B) acclimation
C) vasoconstriction
D) evaporation
D) Evaporation
Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians ________.
A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures
B) alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C
C) are endotherms but become thermo-conformers when they are in water
D) become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C
A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures
The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the ________.
A) thyroid gland
B) hypothalamus
C) subcutaneous layer of the skin
D) liver
B) hypothalamus
The metabolic breakdown of specialized brown fat deposits in certain animals is
substantially increased during ________.
A) acclimatization
B) torpor
C) nonshivering thermogenesis
D) shivering thermogenesis
C) nonshivering thermogenesis
The use of brown fat to generate metabolic heat is mostly limited to small mammals. What is the basis of this adaptation?
A) Small mammals cannot grow enough fur to insulate their bodies.
B) Because of their large surface area to volume ratio, heat loss across the body surface is higher in small animals.
C) Small mammals do not have enough muscle to generate heat by shivering.
D) Large mammals have lost their brown fat through the course of their evolution.
B) Because of their large surface are to volume ratio, heat loss across the body surface is higher in small animals
Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?
A) feathers or fur
B) vasoconstriction
C) wind blowing across the body surface
D) blubber or fat layer
C) wind blowing across the body surface
You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body
temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?
A) You know from its high and stable body temperature that it must be an endotherm.
B) You know that it is an ectotherm because it is not a bird or mammal.
C) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.
D) You note that its environment has a high and stable temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm.
C) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm
A woman standing and watching the stars on a cool, calm night will lose most of her body heat by ________.
A) radiation
B) convection
C) conduction
D) evaporation
A) radiation
There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in ________.
A) very cold environments
B) very hot environments
C) environments with a constant food source
D) environments with variable and limited food sources
D) environments with variable and limited food sources
Which principle of heat exchange is the most important explanation for why birds look larger in colder weather because they fluff their feathers?
A) Fluffing feathers results in less cooling by radiation because feathers emit less infrared radiation than other tissues do.
B) Fluffing decreases the amount of heat lost by conduction when the bird makes contact with cold objects in its environment.
C) Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation.
D) Fluffing decreases the surface-area-to-volume ratio, thus decreasing the amount of heat lost to
the environment.
C) Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation
Snake behavior in Wisconsin changes throughout the year. For example, a snake is ________.
A) less active in winter because the food supply is decreased
B) less active in winter because it does not need to avoid predators
C) more active in summer because that is the period for mating
D) more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction
D) more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction
Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are ________.
A) used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest
B) used to compare metabolic rates during feeding and other active conditions
C) both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species
D) both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state
D) both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state
Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm, the least reliable indicator of an animal’s metabolic rate is the amount of ________.
A) food eaten in one day
B) heat generated in one day
C) oxygen used in mitochondria in one day
D) water consumed in one day
D) water consumed in one day
Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.
A) elephant; mouse
B) elephant; human
C) human; penguin
D) mouse; snake
A) elephant; mouse
Which of the following animals most likely uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?
A) a marine jelly (an invertebrate) living deep in the ocean
B) a snake in a tropical forest
C) a shark swimming in the open ocean
D) a bird living year-round in a desert
D) A bird living year-round in a desert
A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic rate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster—a small rodent). Which of the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles immediately before and during the measurement?
A) House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct
measurements in a warmer room than the room where housed.
B) House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct
measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.
C) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a colder room than the room where housed, and exercise the voles.
D) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.
D) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.
Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources?
A) shivering
B) torpor
C) hibernation
D) burrowing into soil
B) torpor
Organisms maintain dynamic homeostasis through behavioral and physiological
mechanisms. Which of the following statements is an accurate explanation of a negative feedback mechanism used by animals to regulate body temperature?
A) Squirrels are able to cool themselves during warmer months by producing more brown fat, which contains abundant mitochondria and a rich blood supply.
B) Desert jackrabbits have unusually large ears that serve as solar heat collectors to enable them to maintain their body temperatures.
C) A ground squirrel’s hypothalamus detects changes in environmental temperatures and responds by activating or suppressing metabolic heat production.
D) A goldfish slows its movements when the water temperature is lower.
C) A ground squirrel’s hypothalamus detects changes in environmental temperatures and responds by activating or suppressing metabolic heat production
The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is
A) epithelial tissue.
B) connective tissue.
C) muscle tissue.
D) nervous tissue.
B) connective tissue
Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?
A) feathers or fur
B) vasoconstriction
C) wind blowing across the body surface
D) countercurrent heat exchanger
C) wind blowing across the body surface
Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.
A) elephant; mouse
B) elephant; human
C) mouse; snake
D) penguin; mouse
A) elephant; mouse
Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has
A) less surface area.
B) less surface area per unit of volume.
C) the same surface-area-to-volume ratio.
D) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio.
B) less surface area per unit of volume
An animal’s inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs
A) if the animal is an endotherm, which must always take in more energy because of its high metabolic rate.
B) if it is actively foraging for food.
C) if it is growing and increasing its mass.
D) never; due to homeostasis, these energy and material budgets always balance.
C) If it is growing and increasing its mass
You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How do you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?
A) You know from its high and stable body temperature that it must be an endotherm.
B) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.
C) You note that its environment has a high and stable temperature. Because its body
temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm.
D) You measure the metabolic rate of the reptile, and because it is higher than that of a related species that lives in temperate forests, you conclude that this reptile is an endotherm and its relative is an ectotherm.
B) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.
Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for
homeostatic regulation?
A) marine jelly (an invertebrate)
B) snake in a temperate forest
C) desert insect
D) desert bird
D) desert bird
You are dissecting a fish in your biology laboratory section. Your teaching assistant points out a long oval structure and tells you it is an endocrine gland. Which of the following would you then know is a true statement about this structure?
A) It secretes a product that is released through a series of ducts.
B) The gland’s product will only interact with receptors on the cell membrane.
C) The gland’s product is lipid soluble.
D) The gland produces and secretes its product into the blood.
D) The gland produces and secretes its product into the blood
In experiments where researchers suspect that a hormone may be responsible for a certain physiological effect, they may cut the neurons leading to the organ where the effect being studied occurs. What is the purpose of cutting these neurons?
A) to make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system
B) to make sure that the organ being affected cannot function unless the researchers stimulate it with an external electrical probe
C) to impair the normal functions of the organ so that the hormonal effect can be more easily studied
D) to numb the organ so that it can be probed without inducing pain in the lab animal
A) To make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system
What is the only type of chemical signal that does not alter the physiology of the animal producing that signal?
A) neural
B) paracrine
C) neuroendocrine
D) pheromones
D) pheromones
Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of ________.
I) an autocrine signal
II) a paracrine signal
III) an endocrine signal
A) only I and II
B) only II and III
C) only I and III
D) I, II, and III
D) I, II, and III
Prostaglandins are local regulators whose chemical structure is derived from ________.
A) oligosaccharides
B) fatty acids
C) steroids
D) amino acids
B) Fatty Acids
Aspirin and ibuprofen both ________.
A) inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins
B) inhibit the release of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator
C) activate the paracrine signaling pathways that form blood clots
D) stimulate vasoconstriction in the kidneys
A) inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins
A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone’s ________.
A) secretory cell
B) endocrine cell
C) target cell
D) regulatory cell
C) target cell
The steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body because ________.
A) only target cells are exposed to aldosterone
B) only target cells contain aldosterone receptors
C) aldosterone is unable to enter nontarget cells
D) nontarget cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce any effect
B) only target cells contain aldosterone receptors
Different body cells can respond differently to the same polypeptide hormones because ________.
A) different target cells have different sets of genes
B) a target cell’s response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways
C) the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets
D) the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system
B) a target cell’s response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways
Hormone X activates the cAMP second messenger system in its target cells. The greatest response by a target cell would come from ________.
A) applying a molecule of hormone X to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell
B) injecting a molecule of hormone X into the cytoplasm of the cell
C) applying a molecule of cAMP to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell
D) injecting a molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase into the cytoplasm of the cell
A) applying a molecule of hormone X to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell
When a steroid hormone and a polypeptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then _________.
A) the steroid and polypeptide hormones must use the same biochemical mechanisms
B) the steroid and polypeptide hormones must bind to the same receptor protein
C) the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas polypeptide hormones
activate effector proteins already present in the cell
D) the steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas polypeptide hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA
C) the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas polypeptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell
Growth factors are local regulators that ________.
A) are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth
B) are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division
C) bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells
D) convey messages between nerve cells
C) bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells
Steroid and polypeptide hormones typically have in common ________.
A) the building blocks from which they are synthesized
B) their solubility in cell membranes
C) their requirement for travel through the bloodstream
D) their reliance on signal transduction in the cell
C) their requirement for travel through the bloodstream
A cluster of tumor cells that produces and secretes growth factors to induce surrounding cells to grow and divide is showing which type of cell-to-cell signaling?
A) autocrine
B) paracrine
C) endocrine
D) neuroendocrine
B) paracrine
If a portion of the pancreas is surgically removed from a rat and the rat subsequently loses its appetite, one explanation is that the removed portion contains cells that secrete a chemical signal that somehow stimulates appetite. Given this scenario, what type of chemical signaling is occurring?
A) autocrine
B) paracrine
C) endocrine
D) neuroendocrine
C) endocrine
If a biochemist discovers a new molecule, which of the following pieces of data would allow her to draw the conclusion that the molecule is a steroid hormone?
I) The molecule is lipid soluble.
II) The molecule is derived from a series of steps beginning with cholesterol.
III) The molecule acts at a target tissue some distance from where it is produced.
IV)The molecule uses a transport protein when in an aqueous solution such as blood.
A) only I and III
B) only II and IV
C) only I, III, and IV
D) I, II, III, and IV
D) I, II, III, and IV
Which of the following are similar in structure to cholesterol?
I) estradiol
II) insulin
III) glucocorticoids
IV)testosterone
V) antidiuretic hormone
A) I and II
B) I, II, and III
C) I, III, and IV
D) II and V
C) I, III, and IV
Polypeptides can have which of the following types of effects?
I) autocrine
II) paracrine
III) endocrine
A) only I and III
B) only II and III
C) only I and II
D) I, II, and III
D) I, II, and III
Which of the following are properties of steroid hormones?
I) Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and easily cross the phospholipid bilayer.
II) Steroid hormones usually exert their effects on target cells through membrane receptor proteins.
III) Steroid hormones act on cells close to where they were produced.
IV)Steroid hormones regulate gene transcription by binding to intracellular receptor proteins.
A) I and IV
B) I and II
C) II and III
D) I, II, III, and IV
A) I and IV
Tadpoles must undergo a major metamorphosis to become frogs. This change includes reabsorption of the tail, growth of limbs, calcification of the skeleton, increase in rhodopsin in
the eye, development of lungs, change in hemoglobin structure, and reformation of the gut from the long gut of an herbivore to the short gut of a carnivore. Amazingly, all of these changes are induced by thyroxine. What is the most likely explanation for such a wide array of effects of
thyroxine?
A) There are many different forms of thyroxine, each specific to a different tissue.
B) Different tissues have thyroxine receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways.
C) Some tissues have membrane receptors for thyroxine, while other tissues have thyroxine receptors within the nucleus.
D) Different releasing hormones release thyroxine to different tissues.
B. Different tissues have thyroxine receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways
What happens in a cell when adenylyl cyclase is activated?
A) cAMP is created
B) cAMP is destroyed
C) G proteins bind to cAMP
D) steroid hormones pass through the lipid bilayer
A) cAMP is created
Nitric oxide and epinephrine ________.
A) both regulate blood flow
B) both function as steroid hormones
C) bind the same receptors
D) both cause a reduction in the blood levels of glucose
A) both regulate blood flow
Insect hormones and their receptors ________.
A) act independently of each other
B) are a focus in pest control research
C) utilize cell-surface receptors only
D) are active independently of environmental cues
B) are a focus in pest control research
During mammalian labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles is enhanced by oxytocin. This is an example of _______.
A) a negative feedback system
B) a hormone that acts in an antagonistic way with another hormone
C) a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop
D) signal transduction immediately changing gene expression in its target cells
C) a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop
Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity?
A) the pituitary gland
B) parathyroid glands
C) salivary glands
D) the pancreas
D) the pancreas
Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of ________.
A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) gastrin
D) glucose
B) glucagon
The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is ________.
A) ecdysteroid
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) growth hormone
A) ecdysteroid
Which of the following statements are correct?
I) Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions.
II) Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.
III) Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in exocrine glands.
IV) Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops.
A) only II and III
B) only I and III
C) only III and IV
D) only I and IV
D) only I and IV
An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is ________.
A) thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance
B) insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism
C) progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation
D) epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses
B) insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism
The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and prothoracicotrophic hormone (PTTH) is an example of ________.
A) an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems
B) competitive inhibition of a hormone receptor
C) how polypeptide-derived hormones have more widespread effects than steroid hormones
D) homeostasis maintained by antagonistic hormones
A) an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems
Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt ________.
A) short-term memory
B) coordination during locomotion
C) executive functions, such as decision making
D) regulation of water balance
D) regulation of water balance
Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the ________.
A) cerebellum
B) thalamus
C) hypothalamus
D) anterior pituitary gland
C) hypothalamus
Which of the following is an example of a simple endocrine pathway?
A) control of metabolism by thyroid hormones
B) release of secretin by cells of the duodenum in response to acid
C) release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland to regulate water balance
D) regulation of growth by the production of growth hormone
B) release of secretin by cells of the duodenum in response to acid
Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the ________.
A) hypothalamus and thalamus
B) anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
C) hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
D) posterior pituitary and thyroid gland
C) hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
If a person loses a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from dehydration. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the ________.
A) anterior pituitary
B) posterior pituitary
C) bladder
D) kidney
D) kidney
A product of the anterior pituitary gland that causes color changes in its target cells is ________.
A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B) luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
D) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
D) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are ________.
A) prolactin and calcitonin
B) prolactin and oxytocin
C) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
D) luteinizing hormone and oxytocin
B) prolactin and oxytocin
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the ________ but released from the ________.
A) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
B) adenohypophysis; posterior pituitary
C) posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary
D) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
A) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
What would be a likely outcome of a person not consuming enough iodine in their diet?
A) high body temperature
B) high levels of circulating blood glucose
C) reduced cellular metabolism
D) stronger muscle contractions
C) reduced cellular metabolism
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose
iodine level is normal?
A) greater production of T3 than of T4
B) hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C) hypersecretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
D) a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin
B) hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
When a person drinks alcohol, the rate of urination increases. Which of the following best accounts for the increase in urination above normal rates?
A) Alcohol stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.
B) Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH.
C) Alcohol inhibits the actions of calcitonin.
D) Alcohol stimulates the release of oxytocin which causes more water secretion.
B) Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH
Removing which of the following glands would have the most wide-reaching effect on bodily functions of an adult human?
A) adrenal glands
B) pituitary gland
C) thyroid gland
D) ovaries (in female) or testes (in male)
B) pituitary gland
Glucocorticoids do which of the following?
A) promote the immune response
B) promote the release of fatty acids
C) increase blood glucose levels
D) increase insulin production
C) increase blood glucose levels
Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the ________.
A) parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate
B) anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function
C) adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine
D) pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration
C) adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine
The amino acid tyrosine is a starting substrate for the synthesis of ________.
A) epinephrine
B) steroid hormones
C) parathyroid hormone
D) acetylcholine
A) epinephrine
If the adrenal cortex were surgically removed, an increase in the plasma levels of ________ would likely be observed.
A) glucocorticoid hormones
B) epinephrine
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) acetylcholine
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)