Animal Structure and Function Flashcards
The study of biological form is called:
a) Physiology
b) Anatomy
c) Homeostasis
d) Behavior
b) Anatomy
What principle states that an organism’s form is closely linked to its function and environment?
Form follows function
Together, anatomy and physiology provide a comprehensive understanding of an animal’s ____ and ____.
form, function
TF: Physical constraints like gravity and an organism’s size can influence its form and function.
True
How does the body plan of a flatworm differ from that of a roundworm, reflecting adaptations for their environments?
Flatworms have dorsoventral flattening for efficient movement between surfaces, while roundworms have a cylindrical body for burrowing through soil.
What is the term for an organism with a radial body plan, where parts are arranged around a central axis?
Radially symmetrical
Bilateral symmetry is advantageous for animals that exhibit:
a) Sessile lifestyles
b) Directional movement
c) Radial feeding strategies
d) Asexual reproduction
b) Directional movement
Complex animals often have a hierarchical organization, with cells forming tissues, tissues forming ____, and organs working together in ____ systems.
organs, organ
The basic unit of life that carries out all vital functions is the:
Cell
A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function is called a:
a) Tissue
b) System
c) Gastrula
d) Blastocyst
a) Tissue
A collection of different tissues that cooperate to perform a complex function is an ____.
organ
TF: Organ systems, like the circulatory system, are composed of multiple organs working together.
True
Explain the concept of emergence in the context of biological organization. How does the function of an organ system differ from the sum of its individual organs?
Emergence refers to the creation of new properties that arise from the interaction of simpler components. An organ system exhibits a function that is more complex and cannot be predicted solely by the functions of its individual organs.
What is the highest level of organization in multicellular animals, where organ systems work together to maintain the organism’s life?
Organismal level
Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite external changes. Which of the following is NOT directly involved in maintaining homeostasis?
a) Nervous system
b) Endocrine system
c) Circulatory system
d) Excretory system
d) Excretory system - While excretion plays a role in waste removal, it’s not directly involved in regulating internal conditions like temperature or blood sugar
Negative feedback mechanisms are crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Explain how this works using the example of body temperature regulation.
When body temperature rises above a set point, mechanisms like sweating kick in to bring it back down. This creates a negative feedback loop that restores homeostasis.
What is the term for an organism with a bilateral body plan, where the right and left sides are mirror images?
Bilaterally symmetrical
Cephalization, the concentration of sensory and nerve structures at the anterior end, is an adaptation for:
a) Sessile attachment
b) Enhanced directional movement and sensory perception
c) Radial feeding
d) Internal fertilization
b) Enhanced directional movement and sensory perception
TF: Increased body size and complexity generally require more elaborate organ systems to maintain homeostasis.
True
How do the concepts of surface area to volume ratio and metabolic rate affect body size limitations in animals?
As size increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreases, making it harder to dissipate heat
What fluid-filled cavity in the body contains organs of the digestive, respiratory, and excretory systems?
Coelom
The endoskeleton is an internal framework that provides:
a) Insulation only
b) Support and protection
c) Movement only
d) Neither support nor movement
b) Support and protection
Invertebrates often have an exoskeleton made of ____, while vertebrates have an endoskeleton composed primarily of ____.
chitin, bone
TF: Muscles are attached to bones by ligaments, which are flexible connective tissues.
True
Compare and contrast hydrostatic skeletons and hydrostatic muscles in the context of invertebrate body support and movement.
Hydrostatic skeletons use fluid pressure within a closed compartment to provide support. Hydrostatic muscles contract against the fluid-filled body cavity to generate movement.
What type of cartilage allows for some degree of movement at joints?
Fibrocartilage
Flagella and cilia are hair-like structures used for:
a) Gas exchange
b) Locomotion and movement of fluids
c) Sensory reception
d) Muscle contraction
b) Locomotion and movement of fluids
Muscles are classified into three main types: skeletal, smooth, and _____.
cardiac
TF: Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles under conscious control, while smooth muscles are involuntary and found in organs like the digestive system.
True
Explain the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction, involving the roles of actin, myosin, and ATP.
Muscle contraction occurs when myosin filaments slide past actin filaments using energy from ATP. This process is triggered by signals from the nervous system.
What is the term for a joint where two bones meet and allow for a wide range of movement?
Synovial joint
Ligaments and tendons are both fibrous connective tissues, but they differ in function. Ligaments connect bones to:
a) Muscles
b) Other bones
c) Nerves
d) Organs
a) Muscles
The nervous system is responsible for?
Rapid communication, coordination of body functions, and behavioral responses
Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system. What is the long, slender fiber that transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body?
a) Dendrite
b) Soma
c) Axon
c) axon
The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called ____ to regulate various physiological processes.
hormones
TF: The nervous system and endocrine system work together to maintain homeostasis through a complex network of communication.
True
How do the nervous system and endocrine system differ in their speed and duration of action when regulating body functions?
The nervous system acts rapidly through electrical signals for immediate responses. The endocrine system uses hormones that travel through the bloodstream, leading to slower but more long-lasting effects.
