Hormones and the Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands and transported through the bloodstream are called:
a) Enzymes
b) Hormones
c) Neurotransmitters
d) Antigens

A

b) Hormones

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2
Q

What are the two main types of hormones based on their chemical structure?

A

Steroid hormones and peptide hormones

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3
Q

Hormones bind to specific ____ on target cells, triggering a cellular response.

A

receptors

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4
Q

TF: All cells in the body have receptors for every hormone circulating in the bloodstream.

A

False. Specific cells have receptors for specific hormones.

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5
Q

How does the mechanism of action differ between steroid hormones and peptide hormones?

A

Steroid hormones can pass through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the nucleus, directly regulating gene expression. Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a signal transduction pathway that relays the message into the cell.

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6
Q

What is the name of the regulatory system where the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and target glands interact to control hormone release?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-axis (HPA axis)

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7
Q

Negative feedback mechanisms are crucial for regulating hormone release. Explain how this works using the example of blood sugar regulation.

A

When blood sugar levels rise above a set point, the pancreas releases insulin to lower them. As blood sugar levels decrease, the negative feedback loop stops insulin release and may even trigger glucagon release to restore homeostasis.

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8
Q

Many hormones exhibit a ____ effect, meaning a low concentration can have a stimulatory effect, while a high concentration can have an inhibitory effect.

A

biphasic

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9
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for releasing hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

The pituitary gland is often referred to as the “master gland” because it produces hormones that regulate the function of other endocrine glands. Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the pituitary gland?
a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
b) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
c) Insulin
d) Growth hormone (GH)

A

c) Insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas.

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11
Q

The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate ____ and ____.

A

metabolic rate, growth and development

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12
Q

TF: Calcitonin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland, helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

A

True

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13
Q

How do the parathyroid glands and the thyroid gland work together to maintain calcium homeostasis?

A

Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) when blood calcium levels drop. PTH stimulates bone resorption, increases kidney reabsorption of calcium, and activates vitamin D to enhance calcium absorption from the gut. The thyroid gland’s calcitonin has the opposite effect, lowering blood calcium levels if they become too high.

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14
Q

The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and produce two main types of hormones: glucocorticoids and ____.

A

catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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15
Q

The hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress and prepares the body for a “fight-or-flight” response. Which of the following effects is NOT associated with epinephrine release?
a) Increased heart rate and respiration
b) Elevated blood sugar levels
c) Dilation of blood vessels in the digestive system
d) Increased sweating

A

c) Dilation of blood vessels in the digestive system. Blood vessels constrict in the digestive system to divert blood flow to muscles during fight-or-flight.

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16
Q

The pancreas is both an exocrine gland (producing digestive enzymes) and an endocrine gland that releases the hormones ____ and ____ to regulate blood sugar levels.

A

insulin, glucagon

17
Q

TF: Testosterone is a sex hormone produced in the testes of males and plays a role in sperm production and development of male secondary sex characteristics.

A

True

18
Q

What hormone is produced by the ovaries in females and stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics and egg maturation?

A

Estrogen

19
Q

Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by:
a) Excessive insulin production
b) Insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance
c) Overactive thyroid gland
d) Deficiency of growth hormone

A

b) Insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance

20
Q

Goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland, can be caused by a deficiency of ____, a mineral essential for thyroid hormone production.

A

iodine

21
Q

TF: Acromegaly is a condition caused by excessive growth hormone production in adults, leading to enlargement of the hands, feet, and jaw.

A

True

22
Q

How can chronic stress affect the endocrine system and potentially contribute to health problems?

A

Chronic stress can lead to the prolonged release of cortisol (a glucocorticoid) from the adrenal glands. This can suppress the immune system, increase blood sugar levels, and contribute to weight gain, high blood pressure, and other health issues.

23
Q

Testosterone can influence aggressive behavior in some animals. What is the term for hormones that influence behavior?
a) Neurotransmitters
b) Behavioral hormones
c) Releasing factors
d) Target hormones

A

b) Behavioral hormones

24
Q

Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. It is associated with?

A

Love, bonding, childbirth, and lactation

25
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder that can be linked to fluctuations in ____ levels due to changes in daylight hours.

A

serotonin

26
Q

TF: Estrogen and progesterone play important roles in regulating the menstrual cycle in females.

A

True

27
Q

How do hormones and the nervous system interact to influence complex behaviors like hunger, thirst, and sleep-wake cycles?

A

The nervous system detects internal cues (e.g., low blood sugar) and sends signals to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then releases hormones or stimulating factors that influence hormone release from other glands, ultimately regulating these behaviors.

28
Q

What is the circadian rhythm, and how is it influenced by hormones like melatonin?

A

The circadian rhythm is the body’s internal clock, controlling sleep-wake cycles. Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, helps regulate sleepiness based on light-dark cycles.

29
Q

During embryonic development, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the developing embryo and stimulates the:
a) Ovaries to produce estrogen
b) Corpus luteum to produce progesterone
c) Pituitary gland to release growth hormone
d) Thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

A

b) Corpus luteum to produce progesterone

30
Q

Metamorphosis in insects is a complex developmental process regulated by hormones like ____, which triggers the breakdown of larval tissues and the development of adult structures.

A

molting hormone (ecdysone)

31
Q

TF: Estrogen and progesterone are crucial hormones for stimulating breast development and milk production in females during pregnancy and lactation.

A

True

32
Q

How do hormones like testosterone and estrogen influence the development of secondary sex characteristics in males and females during puberty?

A

Testosterone promotes the development of male secondary sex characteristics like facial hair and muscle mass, while estrogen stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics like breast development and changes in body fat distribution.

33
Q

What hormone is responsible for stimulating the descent of the testes into the scrotum in male fetuses before birth?

A

Testosterone

34
Q

What is the main function of the hormone inhibin produced by the gonads (testes and ovaries)?
a) Stimulate gamete production
b) Suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release
c) Promote ovulation
d) Increase testosterone production

A

b) Suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release

35
Q

Negative feedback mechanisms are also important in regulating hormone production during the menstrual cycle. Explain how this works with the example of estrogen and FSH.

A

As estrogen levels rise in the developing follicle, it suppresses the release of FSH from the pituitary gland, creating a negative feedback loop that prevents excessive follicle development.

36
Q

TF: Human growth hormone (HGH) is essential for promoting linear growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs during childhood and adolescence.

A

True

37
Q

How can environmental factors like nutrition and stress influence hormone production and overall growth and development?

A

Proper nutrition provides the building blocks for hormone production and tissue growth. Stress can lead to elevated cortisol levels, which can suppress growth hormone production and negatively impact growth and development.

38
Q

What is the term for a group of hormones produced by the placenta during pregnancy that regulate various physiological processes to support fetal development and maternal health?

A

Placental hormones (e.g., human placental lactogen, progesterone, estrogen)