Hormones and the Endocrine System Flashcards
Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands and transported through the bloodstream are called:
a) Enzymes
b) Hormones
c) Neurotransmitters
d) Antigens
b) Hormones
What are the two main types of hormones based on their chemical structure?
Steroid hormones and peptide hormones
Hormones bind to specific ____ on target cells, triggering a cellular response.
receptors
TF: All cells in the body have receptors for every hormone circulating in the bloodstream.
False. Specific cells have receptors for specific hormones.
How does the mechanism of action differ between steroid hormones and peptide hormones?
Steroid hormones can pass through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the nucleus, directly regulating gene expression. Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a signal transduction pathway that relays the message into the cell.
What is the name of the regulatory system where the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and target glands interact to control hormone release?
Hypothalamic-pituitary-axis (HPA axis)
Negative feedback mechanisms are crucial for regulating hormone release. Explain how this works using the example of blood sugar regulation.
When blood sugar levels rise above a set point, the pancreas releases insulin to lower them. As blood sugar levels decrease, the negative feedback loop stops insulin release and may even trigger glucagon release to restore homeostasis.
Many hormones exhibit a ____ effect, meaning a low concentration can have a stimulatory effect, while a high concentration can have an inhibitory effect.
biphasic
What part of the brain is responsible for releasing hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
The pituitary gland is often referred to as the “master gland” because it produces hormones that regulate the function of other endocrine glands. Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the pituitary gland?
a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
b) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
c) Insulin
d) Growth hormone (GH)
c) Insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas.
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate ____ and ____.
metabolic rate, growth and development
TF: Calcitonin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland, helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.
True
How do the parathyroid glands and the thyroid gland work together to maintain calcium homeostasis?
Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) when blood calcium levels drop. PTH stimulates bone resorption, increases kidney reabsorption of calcium, and activates vitamin D to enhance calcium absorption from the gut. The thyroid gland’s calcitonin has the opposite effect, lowering blood calcium levels if they become too high.
The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and produce two main types of hormones: glucocorticoids and ____.
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
The hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress and prepares the body for a “fight-or-flight” response. Which of the following effects is NOT associated with epinephrine release?
a) Increased heart rate and respiration
b) Elevated blood sugar levels
c) Dilation of blood vessels in the digestive system
d) Increased sweating
c) Dilation of blood vessels in the digestive system. Blood vessels constrict in the digestive system to divert blood flow to muscles during fight-or-flight.