PLANT STEM

Question 1

groups within magnoliophyta

Answer 1

basal angiosperms
eudicots
monocots

Question 2

2 types of plant body

Answer 2

woody and herbaceous

Question 3

cells with thin primary walls, active metabolically, most remain alive after they mature.

Answer 3

Parenchyma

Question 4

specialized parenchyma (4) and definition

Answer 4

chlorenchyma - photosynthesis
glandular cells - secrete nectar fragrances mucilage resins oils
transfer cells - mediate short distance transpo of material
phloem - conducts nutrients over long distances

Question 5

thin primary wall that becomes thickened in some areas

allows plasticity

Answer 5

collenchyma cells

Question 6

collenchyma location

Answer 6

beneath epidermis supporting vascular bundles

Question 7

has thick primary wall and a thick secondary wall that is lignified
elastic
dead at maturity

Answer 7

sclerenchyma

Question 8

2 types of sclerenchyma

Answer 8

mechanical and conducting

Question 9

sclerenchyma - fibers are long and flexible, sclerids are short, isodiametric, inflexible and brittle

Answer 9

mechanical

Question 10

sclerenchyma - tracheary elements of xylem

Answer 10

conducting

Question 11

stem area above the point where a leaf attaches

Answer 11

leaf axil

Question 12

found in extreme tip of stem

Answer 12

terminal bud

Question 13

arrangement of leaves on the stem so they do not shade each other

Answer 13

phyllotaxy

Question 14

stem modification:

have especially long and thin internodes allowing dispersal of daughter plants.

Answer 14

stolon

Question 15

stem modification:

short shoots that have thick, fleshy leaves.

Answer 15

bulbs

Question 16

stem modification: vertical, thick stems that have thin, papery leaves.

Answer 16

corms

Question 17

stem modification:

fleshy horizontal stems that allow a plant to spread underground.

Answer 17

rhizomes

Question 18

stem modification:

horizontal like rhizomes, but they grow for only a short period and are mainly a means of storing nutrients.

Answer 18

tubers

Question 19

function of axillary buds?

Answer 19

some develop into branches, etc
some stay dormant
If the apical meristem is killed axillary buds become active and replace it.

Question 20

primary tissues:
outermost surface of a herbaceous stem
A single layer of parenchyma cells.

Answer 20

epidermis

Question 21

where interchange of material between a plant and its environment occurs

Answer 21

epidermis

Question 22

coating of outer walls of epidermis

Answer 22

cutin / cuticle

Question 23

stomata

Answer 23

prevents dessication and prevents gas exchange

Question 24

how do guard cells swell

Answer 24

absorb water

Question 25

time of opening / closing of stomata

Answer 25

Remain closed after sunset or during periods of water stress.

Question 26

Some epidermal cells elongate outward and become

Answer 26

trichomes

Question 27

trichomes function

Answer 27

Deter herbivory.
Minimize water loss.
Protect for over exposure to sunlight.

Question 28

primary tissue: Often homogenous, composed of photosynthetic parenchyma and sometimes collenchyma.

Answer 28

cortex

Question 29

loosely packed cortex with large intercellular spaces

Answer 29

aerenchyma

Question 30

primary tissue:responsible for the conduction of materials throughout the plant.

Answer 30

vascular tissues

Question 31

vascular tissues (2) and definition

Answer 31

− Xylem conducts water and minerals.

− Phloem distributes sugars and minerals.

Question 32

vascular tissue dead and hollow at maturity

Answer 32

xylem

Question 33

vascular tissue alive at maturity

Answer 33

phloem

Question 34

consists of tracheids and vessel elements collectively referred to as tracheary elements

Answer 34

xylem

Question 35

water moves between tracheids through

Answer 35

pit membranes

Question 36

form between vertically stacked vessel elements

Answer 36

perforations

Question 37

only angiosperms have tracheids t/f?

Answer 37

t

Question 38

conifers have only tracheids t/f

Answer 38

t

Question 39

has two types of conducting cells: sieve cells and sieve tube members, collectively called sieve element

Answer 39

phloem

Question 40

sieve cell shape?

Answer 40

elongated and tapered

Question 41

sieve tube member morphology

Answer 41

sieve plates on each end-wall, they align vertically to form a sieve tube

Question 42

only angiosperms have sieve tubes t/f

Answer 42

true

Question 43

sieve tube members are controlled by ____ which are involved in loading sugars. they have prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm filled with ribosomes.

Answer 43

companion cells

Question 44

vascular bundle arrangement in monocot

Answer 44

distributed as a complex network

Question 45

vascular bundle arrangement in eudicot

Answer 45

arranged in a ring surrounding the pith

Question 46

a central region of parenchyma similar to the cortex

Answer 46

pith

Question 47

difference of apical and subapical meristem

Answer 47

apical meristem - found at tips, where cells retain their ability to divide, expanding daughter cells push the apical meristem up, subapical meristem contain cells dividing and growing producing cells from the region below.

Question 48

epidermal cells that are in the early stages of differentiation

Answer 48

protoderm

Question 49

Young xylem and phloem cells

Answer 49

provascular tissues

Question 50

The equivalent stages of pith and cortex

Answer 50

ground meristem

Question 51

the growth and tissue formation that results from apical meristem activity.

Answer 51

primary growth