FLOWERS Flashcards
What type of reproduction is more selectively advantageous in stable environments?
Asexual reproduction
What type of reproduction can produce progeny that are more fit in less stable environments?
Sexual reproduction
Benefit of Sexual reproduction?
Genetically diverse offspring
Benefit of Asexual reproduction
Even isolated individuals can reproduce.
one of the most common
methods of asexual reproduction
Fragmentation
Plant Life Cycle is also called:
Alternation of generations
Plant Life Cycle:
sporophytes produce haploid spores by:
Meiosis
Plant Life Cycle:
Gametophytes produce gametes by
Mitosis
Plant Life Cycle:
Microspores develop into microgametophytes that produce?
sperm
Plant Life Cycle:
Megaspores develop into Megagametophytes that produce
Eggs
stem with leaf-like structures
flower
have all four floral
appendages: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.
complete flowers
flowers that lack at least one appendage.
incomplete flower
Flower structure:
outermost
floral appendage. protects flower bud as it develops
Sepals
collective term of sepals
Calyx
located above the sepals on the receptacle. Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll. Attract pollinators.
Petals
collective term of petals
Corolla
petals are present in wind pollinated species - T/F?
F
occur above petals, male part of the flower
Stamens
2 parts of stamen, differentiate.
Anther and Filament
collective term of stamens?
Androecium
microspores form a resistant cell wall and become:
pollen
female reproductive part of the flower
Carpel
parts of carpel, differentiate.
Stigma, Style, Ovary − Stigma catches pollen grains. − Style elevates the stigma. − Ovary where megaspores are produced.
Within the ____ are placentae bearing small ovules
Ovary
The ovule has a central mass of parenchyma called a
Nucellus
Develops into a seed after it is fertilized.
Ovule.
where do microgametophytes develop from?
Microspores
how many cells do microgametophytes consist of?
at most, 3 cells
where are microgametophytes located?
at the original pollen cell wall
The microspore nucleus
divides into: (2)
A large vegetative cell.
− A small generative cell, which divides to form two sperm cells.
Pollen lands on the _____ and germinates.
Stigma
The pollen that lands on the stigma produces a _______ that penetrates into the stigma and makes it’s way into the ovule.
pollen tube.
it is produced through division of the megaspore nucleus.
megagametophyte.
differentiate the seven cells of the megagametophyte:
- One large central cell with two polar nuclei.
− Three small antipodal cells.
− An egg apparatus consisting of two synergids and an egg.
what is plasmogamy?
fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes
define karyogamy
fusion of the nuclei
where do the 2 sperm Cells go?
One sperm moves through the synergid, loses its protoplasm along the way, to fuse with the egg
nucleus.
the second sperm nucleus migrates into the central cell.
what is double fertilization
both sperm nuclei undergo fusions.
nourishes the development
of the zygote.
endosperm
grows and
forms a short stalk-like
suspensor. It pushes the embryo deep
into the endosperm.
zygote
The end opposite from the suspensor develops two primordia that develop into
one or two cotyledons
embryonic root
Radicle
embryonic stem
Epicotyl
the root/shoot junction
Hypocotyl
store nutrients
used during and after
germination.
Cotyledons
In monocots, the
endosperm remains in the mature seed. T/F?
T
A mature seed in which
endosperm is abundant is an _________
albuminous seed
If endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity, the
seed is __________
exalbuminous
The integuments that
surround the nucellus
expand and mature into
the
seed coat
As the ovule develops
into a seed, the ovary
matures into a
fruit
3 layers of fruit, differentiate.
exo, meso, endo The exocarp is the outer layer—the skin or peel. − The middle layer is the mesocarp, or flesh. − The innermost layer, endocarp, can be either tough or quite thin.
The entire fruit wall is the
pericarp
pollination by pollen from a different
individual.
Cross-pollination
pollination by pollen from the same flower
or another on the same plant.
self-pollination
Self-fertilization in flowers
that have both stamens
and carpels is prevented if…
anthers and stigmas
mature at different times
On plants with many
flowers that do not open
simultaneously, older
flowers could be selfpollinated by newly opened flowers of the same plant t/f?
t
Self-pollination may be
inhibited by
compatibility barriers
Chemical reactions
between pollen and
carpels that prevent
pollen tube growth
compatibility barriers
Some species have distinct individuals that
produce only staminate flowers and others that
produce only carpellate flowers.
dioecious
Flowers that lack either stamens and carpels
essential organs
imperfect flower
Flowers that have both stamens and carpels
essential organs
perfect flower
the condition of having staminate flowers located on the same plant as the carpellate.
monoecy
exhibit dramatic
evolutionary changes.
increased probability of pollination
animal-pollinated flowers
flowers are radially
symmetrical.
Actinomorphic flowers
Flowers that coevolved
with animals are often
bilaterally symmetrical,
like their pollinators
Zygomorphic flowers
flowers are
easier for animals to
interact with successfully.
Zygomorphic flowers
usually
have no petals and reduced or
absent sepals.
Wind-pollinated flowers
tend to form
dense populations that aid pollination.
Wind-pollinated flowers
have
fused bases of stamens,
petals, and sepals.
Inferior ovaries
the
ovary sits above the other
floral parts.
superior ovaries
Intermediate, partially
buried ovaries
half inferior ovaries
Smaller flowers with fewer ovules may be
grouped together in an _________________
inflorescence
The apex is converted to
a flower, which tends to open before the lower flowers.
Determinate inflorescences
The lowest or outermost
flowers open first, and new flowers are being initiated
at the apex.
Indeterminate inflorescences
adaptations that result in the protection
and distribution of seeds
fruits
If animals are to disperse the seeds, part of the fruit
must be? (2)
edible or otherwise attractive.
The ____ and ____ must be protected from
consumption.
SEED & EMBRYO
are fruits
containing only ovarian
tissue.
true fruits
is used if any non-ovarian
tissue is present.
accessory / false fruit
fruits inedible to animals
dry fruits
eaten to distribute seeds
fleshy fruits
dry fruits that break open, releasing the seeds.
dehiscent fruits
fruits that do not break open to release seeds
indehiscent fruits
In grasses, seed and fruit are?
fused together.
Fruits of beans and peas are called ?
they form a single carpel, they dehisce along 2 lines of weakness.
legumes
wind-dispersed seeds often have ___ or ____ that carry them in the wind.
wings / parachutes.
Fruits and seeds that are transported by water must be (2)
buoyant
resist mildew and rot
Pomes (apples, pears) develop from inferior ovaries and are?
accessory fruits.
Drupes (peaches, cherries) provide maximum
attraction to animals with minimum danger to
the seed. t/f
t
benefits of seeds distributed by animals
A seed may be “deposited” and find itself in a small (or large) mound of “organic fertilizer.”
