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BSBIO1A BOTANY > FLOWERS > Flashcards

FLOWERS Flashcards

1
Q

What type of reproduction is more selectively advantageous in stable environments?

A

Asexual reproduction

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2
Q

What type of reproduction can produce progeny that are more fit in less stable environments?

A

Sexual reproduction

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3
Q

Benefit of Sexual reproduction?

A

Genetically diverse offspring

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4
Q

Benefit of Asexual reproduction

A

Even isolated individuals can reproduce.

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5
Q

one of the most common

methods of asexual reproduction

A

Fragmentation

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6
Q

Plant Life Cycle is also called:

A

Alternation of generations

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7
Q

Plant Life Cycle:

sporophytes produce haploid spores by:

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

Plant Life Cycle:

Gametophytes produce gametes by

A

Mitosis

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9
Q

Plant Life Cycle:

Microspores develop into microgametophytes that produce?

A

sperm

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10
Q

Plant Life Cycle:

Megaspores develop into Megagametophytes that produce

A

Eggs

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11
Q

stem with leaf-like structures

A

flower

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12
Q

have all four floral

appendages: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.

A

complete flowers

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13
Q

flowers that lack at least one appendage.

A

incomplete flower

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14
Q

Flower structure:
outermost
floral appendage. protects flower bud as it develops

A

Sepals

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15
Q

collective term of sepals

A

Calyx

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16
Q 
located above
the sepals on the
receptacle.
Are leaf-like but contain
pigments other than
chlorophyll.
Attract pollinators.
A

Petals

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17
Q

collective term of petals

A

Corolla

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18
Q

petals are present in wind pollinated species - T/F?

A

F

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19
Q

occur above petals, male part of the flower

A

Stamens

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20
Q

2 parts of stamen, differentiate.

A

Anther and Filament

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21
Q

collective term of stamens?

A

Androecium

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22
Q

microspores form a resistant cell wall and become:

A

pollen

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23
Q

female reproductive part of the flower

A

Carpel

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24
Q

parts of carpel, differentiate.

A 
Stigma, Style, Ovary
− Stigma catches pollen
grains.
− Style elevates the
stigma.
− Ovary where
megaspores are
produced.
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25
Q

Within the ____ are placentae bearing small ovules

A

Ovary

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26
Q

The ovule has a central mass of parenchyma called a

A

Nucellus

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27
Q

Develops into a seed after it is fertilized.

A

Ovule.

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28
Q

where do microgametophytes develop from?

A

Microspores

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29
Q

how many cells do microgametophytes consist of?

A

at most, 3 cells

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30
Q

where are microgametophytes located?

A

at the original pollen cell wall

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31
Q

The microspore nucleus

divides into: (2)

A

A large vegetative cell.

− A small generative cell, which divides to form two sperm cells.

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32
Q

Pollen lands on the _____ and germinates.

A

Stigma

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33
Q

The pollen that lands on the stigma produces a _______ that penetrates into the stigma and makes it’s way into the ovule.

A

pollen tube.

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34
Q

it is produced through division of the megaspore nucleus.

A

megagametophyte.

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35
Q

differentiate the seven cells of the megagametophyte:

A
  • One large central cell with two polar nuclei.
    − Three small antipodal cells.
    − An egg apparatus consisting of two synergids and an egg.
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36
Q

what is plasmogamy?

A

fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes

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37
Q

define karyogamy

A

fusion of the nuclei

38
Q

where do the 2 sperm Cells go?

A

One sperm moves through the synergid, loses its protoplasm along the way, to fuse with the egg
nucleus.
the second sperm nucleus migrates into the central cell.

39
Q

what is double fertilization

A

both sperm nuclei undergo fusions.

40
Q

nourishes the development

of the zygote.

A

endosperm

41
Q

grows and
forms a short stalk-like
suspensor. It pushes the embryo deep
into the endosperm.

A

zygote

42
Q

The end opposite from the suspensor develops two primordia that develop into

A

one or two cotyledons

43
Q

embryonic root

A

Radicle

44
Q

embryonic stem

A

Epicotyl

45
Q

the root/shoot junction

A

Hypocotyl

46
Q

store nutrients
used during and after
germination.

A

Cotyledons

47
Q

In monocots, the

endosperm remains in the mature seed. T/F?

A

T

48
Q

A mature seed in which

endosperm is abundant is an _________

A

albuminous seed

49
Q

If endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity, the

seed is __________

A

exalbuminous

50
Q

The integuments that
surround the nucellus
expand and mature into
the

A

seed coat

51
Q

As the ovule develops
into a seed, the ovary
matures into a

A

fruit

52
Q

3 layers of fruit, differentiate.

A 
exo, meso, endo
The exocarp is the outer
layer—the skin or peel.
− The middle layer is the
mesocarp, or flesh.
− The innermost layer,
endocarp, can be either
tough or quite thin.
53
Q

The entire fruit wall is the

A

pericarp

54
Q

pollination by pollen from a different

individual.

A

Cross-pollination

55
Q

pollination by pollen from the same flower

or another on the same plant.

A

self-pollination

56
Q

Self-fertilization in flowers
that have both stamens
and carpels is prevented if…

A

anthers and stigmas

mature at different times

57
Q

On plants with many
flowers that do not open
simultaneously, older
flowers could be selfpollinated by newly opened flowers of the same plant t/f?

A

t

58
Q

Self-pollination may be

inhibited by

A

compatibility barriers

59
Q

Chemical reactions
between pollen and
carpels that prevent
pollen tube growth

A

compatibility barriers

60
Q

Some species have distinct individuals that
produce only staminate flowers and others that
produce only carpellate flowers.

A

dioecious

61
Q

Flowers that lack either stamens and carpels

essential organs

A

imperfect flower

62
Q

Flowers that have both stamens and carpels

essential organs

A

perfect flower

63
Q 
the condition
of having staminate
flowers located on the
same plant as the
carpellate.
A

monoecy

64
Q

exhibit dramatic
evolutionary changes.
increased probability of pollination

A

animal-pollinated flowers

65
Q

flowers are radially

symmetrical.

A

Actinomorphic flowers

66
Q

Flowers that coevolved
with animals are often
bilaterally symmetrical,
like their pollinators

A

Zygomorphic flowers

67
Q

flowers are
easier for animals to
interact with successfully.

A

Zygomorphic flowers

68
Q

usually
have no petals and reduced or
absent sepals.

A

Wind-pollinated flowers

69
Q

tend to form

dense populations that aid pollination.

A

Wind-pollinated flowers

70
Q

have
fused bases of stamens,
petals, and sepals.

A

Inferior ovaries

71
Q

the
ovary sits above the other
floral parts.

A

superior ovaries

72
Q

Intermediate, partially

buried ovaries

A

half inferior ovaries

73
Q

Smaller flowers with fewer ovules may be

grouped together in an _________________

A

inflorescence

74
Q

The apex is converted to

a flower, which tends to open before the lower flowers.

A

Determinate inflorescences

75
Q

The lowest or outermost
flowers open first, and new flowers are being initiated
at the apex.

A

Indeterminate inflorescences

76
Q

adaptations that result in the protection

and distribution of seeds

A

fruits

77
Q

If animals are to disperse the seeds, part of the fruit

must be? (2)

A

edible or otherwise attractive.

78
Q

The ____ and ____ must be protected from

consumption.

A

SEED & EMBRYO

79
Q

are fruits
containing only ovarian
tissue.

A

true fruits

80
Q

is used if any non-ovarian

tissue is present.

A

accessory / false fruit

81
Q

fruits inedible to animals

A

dry fruits

82
Q

eaten to distribute seeds

A

fleshy fruits

83
Q

dry fruits that break open, releasing the seeds.

A

dehiscent fruits

84
Q

fruits that do not break open to release seeds

A

indehiscent fruits

85
Q

In grasses, seed and fruit are?

A

fused together.

86
Q

Fruits of beans and peas are called ?

they form a single carpel, they dehisce along 2 lines of weakness.

A

legumes

87
Q

wind-dispersed seeds often have ___ or ____ that carry them in the wind.

A

wings / parachutes.

88
Q 
Fruits and seeds that are transported by water
must be (2)
A

buoyant

resist mildew and rot

89
Q

Pomes (apples, pears) develop from inferior ovaries and are?

A

accessory fruits.

90
Q

Drupes (peaches, cherries) provide maximum
attraction to animals with minimum danger to
the seed. t/f

A

t

91
Q

benefits of seeds distributed by animals

A 
A seed may be
“deposited” and find
itself in a small (or large)
mound of “organic
fertilizer.”

BSBIO1A BOTANY (4 decks)

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