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BSBIO1A BOTANY > PLANT LEAVES > Flashcards

PLANT LEAVES Flashcards

1
Q

elicits the image of foliage leaves

A

leaf

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2
Q

why do leaves modify

A

− Protection
− Support
− Storage
− Nitrogen procurement

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3
Q

explain physical and chemical characteristics of stem and leaves

A

− Leaves are flat and thin for maximum absorption of light and CO2. − Stems support and conduct, so a cylindrical structure is ideal.

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4
Q

limitations on foliage leaves

A

− Can’t lose excessive amounts of water.
− Can’t allow entry of pathogens.
− Can’t be too nutritious and delicious to animals.
− Can’t act as a sails.
− Must be cheap.

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5
Q

balancing acts between advantages and disadvantages.

A

adaptations

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6
Q

The flat, light harvesting portion

A

leaf blade or lamina

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7
Q

The blade’s lower side

A

dorsal / abaxial

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8
Q

The upper side of the leaf

A

ventral / adaxial

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9
Q

helps keep leaves from shading each other.

A

petiole

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10
Q

term for leaves with no petiole

A

sessile

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11
Q

term for leaves with petiole

A

petiolate

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12
Q

explain monocot leaf base

A

Long and tapered monocot leaves have no petiole.

The base wraps around the stem to form a sheathing leaf base.

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13
Q

difference between simple leaf and compound leaf

A

A simple leaf has a blade of just one part.

A compound leaf has a blade divided into several individual parts.

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14
Q

A compound leaf has many leaflets. − Each is attached by a _____ to an extension of the petiole, the ____.

A

petiolule

rachis

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15
Q

2 compound leaf types and difference

A

pinnate - all leafelets attached at the same point

palmate - leaflets attached individually along the rachis

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16
Q

three guidelines to distinguish a simple leaf from a pinnately compound leaf.

A

− Leaflets never bear buds in the axils of their petiolules.
− The tip of the rachis never has a terminal bud.
− Leaflets are always arranged in two rows, never in a spiral, whorled, or decussate phyllotaxy.

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17
Q

3 advantages associated with compound leaves.

A

− Leaflets can flex in the wind (or water), minimizing wind resistance and preventing tearing.
− Increased turbulence around leaflets can increase heat removal and CO2 uptake.
− Pests/disease may spread less quickly.

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18
Q

leaf shapes

A

− Entire (smooth)
− Toothed
− Lobed
− Otherwise modified

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19
Q

what are veins of leaves composed of?

A

bundles of vascular tissue

20
Q

eudicot veins vs monocot veins

A

Eudicot veins occur in a netted pattern of reticulate venation.
Monocot leaves have parallel venation.

21
Q

found at leaf base, cells here are involved in cutting off the leaf as it becomes useless

A

abscission zone

22
Q

forms after abscission when adjacent undamaged cells become corky

A

leaf scar

23
Q

water loss through the epidermis

A

transpiration

24
Q

when would transpiration become a serious problem

A

if the soil is so dry that roots cannot replace lost water.

25
Q

why is the the number of stomata much greater in the lower than in the upper epidermis?

A

− Reduce water loss (due to sunlight heating the upper leaf surface).
− Prevent fungal spores from penetrating.

26
Q

Leaf stomata are frequently sunken into epidermal cavities that create a region of nonmoving air

A

stomatal crypts

27
Q

how do trichomes affect leaf biology

A

− Provide shade on the upper surface of the leaf.
− Prevent rapid air movement, slowing water loss from stomata.
− Make walking or chewing difficult for insects.
− Glandular trichomes secrete powerful stinging compounds that deter even large animals.

28
Q

ground tissues interior to the leaf epidermis are collectively called

A

mesophyll

29
Q

mesophyll along the upper surface of most leaves

A

palisade

30
Q

mesophyll along the lower portion of the leaf

A

spongy

31
Q

where are vascular tissues found in the leaf

A

between palisade and spongy mesophyll

32
Q

which has a large midrib? monocot or eudicot

A

eudicot

33
Q

xylem is on the upperside and phloem on the lower side, t/f

A

t

34
Q

composed of fibers that are arranged around vascular bundles

A

bundle sheath

35
Q

larger veins often have a mass of supportive fibers above, below or both -

A

bundle sheath extension

36
Q

what are petioles?

A

the transition between the stem and lamina

37
Q

the epidermis of petiole contains fewer stomata and trichomes
petiole mesophyll is rather like ______

A

cortex

38
Q

in many species of leaves, the petiole bears two small flaps of tissue at its base called ______

A

stipules

39
Q

thick and fleshy modified leaves that can survive in desert habitats
favors water conservation
mesophyll transparent so photosynthesis may occur deeper in the leaf

A

succulent leaves

40
Q

modified leaves: have sclerenchyma as a layer below the epidermis and in the bundle sheets.
Their hardness makes them highly protected.

A

Sclerophyllous foliage

41
Q

small modified leaves that form a tight layer around the stem tip.
− Protect dormant buds in the winter.
− Have short or absent petioles.
− Are often very waxy and tough, some hairy.
− May have a thin, corky bark layer.

A

bud scales

42
Q

modified leaves of axillary buds.
− Needle sharp projections.
− They are protective and made primarily of fibers.
− Lignified walls make them hard and resistant to decay

A

spines

43
Q 
modified leaves whose cells can 
− Sense contact with objects. 
− Coil around objects and use them for support
grow indefinitely
do not photosynthesize
A

tendrils

44
Q

occur in plants that have C4 photosynthesis.
− Lack palisade parenchyma and spongy mesophyll.
− Have prominent bundle sheaths composed of large chlorophyllous cells.
− Surrounding each sheath is a ring of mesophyll cells.

A

Leaves with Kranz anatomy

45
Q

Plants growing in habitats poor in nitrates and ammonia, evolved insect traps.
− Captured insects are digested as a source of ______

A

nitrogen

46
Q

can be classified as either
− Active traps that move during capture
− Passive traps incapable of movement

A

trap leaves

BSBIO1A BOTANY (4 decks)

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