Plant Reproduction, Growth, and Development

Question 1

what is the transition to land?

Answer 1

moving gametes and offsprings through air

Question 2

Air is […] buoyant than water, provides a […] buffer against changes in temperature and ultraviolet radiation, and […] the risk of drying out.

Answer 2

less, poor, increases

Question 3

key adaptations for terrestrial habitats (4)

Answer 3

1. alternation of generations
2. production of spores that resist desiccation
3. gametes that resist desiccation/mechanical damage
4. embryo retained by/nourished by parent plants (embryophytes)

Question 4

plantae

Answer 4

• algal sister groups of land plants
• chlororphyta
• charophyte
• have one multicellular

Question 5

what groups are the seed plants?

Answer 5

• gymnosperms and angiosperms
• pollen seeds

Question 6

what are lycophytes and germs and horsetails

Answer 6

spore dispersing vascular plants

Question 7

what are the 4 major steps of a life cycle?

Answer 7

1. formation of two types of spores
2. spores undergo mitosis/meiosis inside sporangia
3. pollination
4. maturation of fertilized ovule into seed

Question 8

what are the 2 formations of spores?

Answer 8

male gametophyte = male gametes
female gametophyte = female gametes

Question 9

which spore undergoes mitosis inside sporangia

Answer 9

female: a single haploid spore develops into female gametophyte

Question 10

which spore undergoes meiosis inside sporangia?

Answer 10

male: large numbers of haploids spores each develop a male gemotophyte

Question 11

explain ovule cones

Answer 11

they are basically found in upper branches of gymnosperms, produce spores that become female gametophytes

Question 12

where do female gametophytes develop?

Answer 12

ovule cones

Question 13

ovule cones steps

Answer 13

• within each sporangium 1 cell undergoes meiosis to make 4 haploid spores
• 3 spores degrade and 1 becomes gametophyte through mitosis
• one or more haploid cells of gametophyte forms egg
• gametophyte remains attached to sporophyte

Question 14

what does a pollen represent

Answer 14

• male gametes/gametophyte

Question 15

what is a sporonpollenin

Answer 15

it protects the spores/pollen from uv radiation and desiccation when its in the air or water…

Question 16

sporophyte

Answer 16

a plant that makes spores
which is a diploid multicellular plant

Question 17

gametophyte

Answer 17

it is a haploid multicellular plant that produces games aka a plant that makes gametes

Question 18

how do bryophytes release sperms

Answer 18

usually though raindrops and they go into the female gamete (reproductive system) and coat moist surfaces

Question 19

what do raindrops do

Answer 19

they signal the presence of surface water and their impact can splash sperm farther than they can swim on their own

Question 20

for bryophyte where and how does a sporophyte grow?

Answer 20

in the original female gamete (gametophyte), grows from the egg after fertilization

Question 21

when do sporangia of bryophytes usually release?

Answer 21

their spores only release when the air is dry

Question 22

what is the significance of the multicellular sporophyte?

Answer 22

it enhances the ability of plants to disperse on land

Question 23

xylem and phloem develop only in?

Answer 23

sporophyte

Question 24

ferm gametophytes are usually?

Answer 24

unisexual

Question 25

unisexual

Answer 25

typically each individual produces only one type

Question 26

how do fern gametophytes release sperms

Answer 26

through moist environment through a film of water, following chemical signals produces by egg

Question 27

what do the union of male gamete and a female gamete produce? ferns

Answer 27

zygote (2n)

Question 28

what is a gamete

Answer 28

they are short-lived and require hydration, they can also fuse with another gamete to form a new individual

Question 29

what is a spore

Answer 29

a spore does not require hydration and is long-lived, and they can survive air because of sporopellenin, a spore once dispersed can grow into a new individual

Question 30

4 major stages in the life cycle of seed plants?

Answer 30

1. spore formation
2. gametophyte development
3. pollination/feriltzation
4. seed maturation

Question 31

what happens in stage 1. spore formation

Answer 31

2 types of spores are formed, each produced in different sporangia

Question 32

which plants are unisexual

Answer 32

seed plants gametophytes

Question 33

pollen tube

Answer 33

it is a tube that grows outwards from the pollen which allows the male gametophyte the sperm to the egg.

Question 34

why is dormancy good

Answer 34

they delay germination events conditions for growth are favourable to help prevent them from negatives

Question 35

how do moss gametophytes release sperm

Answer 35

they release when it is moist because of raindrops, so they stick to the female gametophytes