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Bioa02 > Plant form, function, and physiology > Flashcards

Plant form, function, and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are land plants?

A

monophyletic

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2
Q

Where are they descended from?

A

green algae

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3
Q

land plants are divided into what 2 groups?

A
  • bryophytes
  • vascular plants
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4
Q

bryophytes characteristics?

A
  • lack root
  • rely on surface water for photosynthesis and reproduction
  • many are desiccation tolerant
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5
Q

vascular plants characteristics

A
  • desiccation
  • can pull water from soil via transpiration
  • ability to control water uptake/loss
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6
Q

what do land plants require?

A

light, CO2, water, and mineral nutrients

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7
Q

(morphological) Land plants go through adaptations to obtain resources from ______ and ______ the ground.

A

above and below

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8
Q

3 main plant tissues (leaves)

A
  • epidermis
  • mesophyll
  • veins
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9
Q

what are the air spaces within leafs connected to air called?

A

pores, stomata

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10
Q

what is transpiration?

A

the evaporative loss of water vapour from leaves

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11
Q

how does CO2 move into leaves?

A

Diffusion

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12
Q

what is diffusion?

A

excessive loss of water

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13
Q

where does diffusion happen/go through and what is it driven by?

A

stomata and it is driven by Concentration Gradient

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14
Q

how do plants deal with transpiration?

A

leaves have a waxy cuticle on the outer surface (epidermis) which helps with limiting water loss and co2 diffusion

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15
Q

Characteristics of stomata

A
  • hydromechanical valve
  • each stoma has 2 guard cells surrounding a pore
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16
Q

Guard cells

A
  • shrinks and swells
  • ## at resting state, It is closed
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17
Q

solute concentration (guard cells)

A
  • Increase solutes via active
    transport to increase water
    volume
  • Decrease solutes to
    decrease water volume
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18
Q

CO2 moves from an area of ___ concentration to into an area of ____ concentration

A

high, low

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19
Q

CO2 moves into photosynthesis and ____come out

A

O2

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20
Q

Stomata open and close in
response to factors that affect?

A

CO2 uptake and water loss

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21
Q

light stimulates stomata to?

A

open

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22
Q

High levels of CO2 inside leaf cause
stomata to?

A

close

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23
Q

During drought conditions, abscisic
acid is upregulated and causes
stomata to?

A

close

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24
Q

what does CAM do?

A

helps prevent water loss

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25
Q

what does temporal pathway do (CAM)

A

only opens stomata at night

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26
Q

where can CAM be found?

A

In dry places like deserts and among epiphytes

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27
Q

what are epiphytes

A

they are plants that grow on other plant branches for support

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28
Q

when is stomata closed CAM

A

during daytime photosynthesis

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29
Q

when is stomata open CAM

A

during night time respiration

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30
Q

CO2 converted and stored as (cam)?

A

4-carbon malic acid in
vacuoles

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31
Q

what is PEP carboxylase?

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the addition
of bicarbonate (HCO3-) to
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

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32
Q

what does a PEP carboxylase for?

A

4 carbon organic acid but malic acid when it is in vacuole

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33
Q

What is daytime photosynthesis in cam, explain

A
  • C4 is transferred to chloroplast and decarboxylated for photosynthesis
  • PEP is then converted into starch and stored in chloroplast during the day
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34
Q

why is CAM sorta bad?

A
  • slows plants growth
  • low competitive ability
  • low photosynthetic capacity
  • produces carbohydrates slower
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35
Q

(CAM)CO2 substrate –> … —>…

A

photosynthesis, carbohydrates

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36
Q

(CAM)O2 substrate –> …—>…–>…

A

photorespiration, net loss of energy, release of
CO2 without carbohydrate
production

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37
Q

why is photorespiration a challenge?

A
  1. Rubisco reacts more readily with CO2 but air contains 21% O2 and
    only 0.04% CO2
  2. Rubisco has a hard time distinguishing between CO2 and O2 at high
    temperatures; at moderate temperatures O2 is used 25% of the time.
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38
Q

which one gets fixed by rubisco, O2 or CO2 (photorespiration)

A

CO2

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39
Q

what is photorespiration

A

a process that occurs when RuBisCO fixes oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, leading to a less efficient pathway that consumes energy and releases CO₂

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40
Q

when does photorespiration usually take place?

A
  • High temperatures: Increase the affinity of RuBisCO for O₂ and decrease its affinity for CO₂.
  • High oxygen concentrations: When stomata close to prevent water loss, O₂ levels inside the leaf increase.
  • Low CO₂ concentrations: Also a result of stomata closure, reducing CO₂ availability for RuBisCO.
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41
Q

c4 photosynthesis (spatial pathway)

A
  • CO2 capture and the Calvin cycle take place in different cells… happens in mesophyll first then bundle sheath
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42
Q

c4 photosynthesis characteristics

A
  • C4 plants suppress photorespiration
    by increasing CO2 concentration
    around rubisco
  • works well during heat
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43
Q

what happens in C4 mesophyll?

A
  1. CO2 capture through stomata
  2. attaches to HCO3
  3. makes a 4 carbon organic acid through PEP carboxylase
  4. 1 is taken to bundle sheath and 3 are left to help repeat cycle in mesophyll
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44
Q

what happens in C4 bundle-sheath

A
  1. 1 carbon organic acid attaches to CO2 in bundle-sheath
  2. then goes through rubisco/Calvin cycle
45
Q

3 transporting water characteristics (trees)

A
  • as height increases, pressure decreases
  • no atp needed
  • at 10m, there is 1 atm
    … Perfect vacuum and water
    boils spontaneously
46
Q

what is parenchyma and what does do?

A
  • Undifferentiated parenchyma
    cells
  • Vascular tissues organized in
    a ring near periphery of stem
  • Continuous pathway from root
    tips through stem to veins of
    leaves
47
Q

what is a xylem?

A
  • transports water from roots to leaves
48
Q

what is a phloem?

A
  • transports carbohydrates from leave to the rest of the plant… roots and etc
48
Q

what is a sclerenchyma?

A
  • super thick wall
  • secondary cell walls made up of cellulose and lignin to provide mechanical strength and support
49
Q

explain function of a xylem and its characteristics

A
  • during development cell elongates
  • has a secondary thick wall containing lignin
  • is a hollow tube for conduction
  • nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles are lost
  • do not extend the length of the plant
  • water moves through conduits through pits
50
Q

what are pits (xylem)

A

pits allow water to go though conduits

51
Q

do pits allow water or air to pass through?

A

water

52
Q

what are the two types of xylems?

A

tracheids and vessels

53
Q

explain a tracheid

A
  • unicellular
  • long
  • less than 1 cm long
54
Q

explain a vessel

A
  • multicellular
  • severe meters long
  • wide
55
Q

where are tracheids found in?

A
  • horsetails and ferns
  • lycophytes
  • gymnosperms
56
Q

where are vessels found?

A
  • angiosperms
  • gymnosperms
57
Q

(xylem) water flows faster through?

A

longer/wider conduits

58
Q

(xylem) passing through pits is?

A

flow resistance

59
Q

(xylem) plants with ____ can achieve greater rates of water transport

A

vessels

60
Q

(xylem) explain Tension

A
  • hydrogen bonds connect to other hydrogen bonds
  • usually stick to the sides of the xylem to go up better against pressure
  • Tensile force whereby molecules are pulling on one another
  • negative pressure is created by water modules pulling upwards as water evaporates from transpiration
61
Q

(xylem) steps of tension/from root to leaves

A
  • Water evaporates from cells
    lining leaf air spaces while
    stomata are open
  • Pull water molecules to occupy
    these spaces
    1. the evaporation of water from leaf causes pressure from xylem to decrease
    2. hydrogen bond that form between water molecules helps water to move through xylem
    3. the negative tension pressure in xylem must overcome the surface tension of air-water interfaces of soil.
62
Q

(xylem) what is cavitation?

A

when water is replaced by water vapour.
- like air/gas from being frozen

63
Q

(xylem) how to deal with cavitation?

A
  • pts help by only allowing water transfer to another conduit.
  • Pits protect the system so that only water passes through –
    cavitation/embolism can be contained to one conduit
63
Q

(xylem) what does it mean when a xylem collapses?

A

when negative pressure causes conduit wall to move inwards

64
Q

what is a phloem sap

A

it is a sugar rich solution that flows through lumen

65
Q

Source-to-sink transport of
carbohydrates

A

phloem

66
Q

what is a multicellular sieve tube?

A
  • they are modified cells called side elements
  • connected end to end
67
Q

what things do phloem transport besides carbohydrates? (6)

A
  • inorganic forms of nitrogen
  • amino acids
  • ions
  • hormones
  • protein signals
  • RNA
68
Q

where are resource regions located?

A
  • leaves
  • tubers
  • stems
69
Q

what are the resource regions?

A

where glucose or sucrose is made

70
Q

what are sink regions?

A

where the source regions go/develope

71
Q

where are sink regions located?

A
  • developing fruits
  • roots
  • young leaves
72
Q

turgor pressure in ___ phloem is ___ because water is drawn by ____ as sugars added to the phloem

A

source, high, osmosis

73
Q

phloem steps

A
  • starts at source region
  • sucrose goes through companion cell
  • pressure difference between source and sink drives the movement of phleom sap
  • then goes into companion cell
  • then into sink (ex root)
74
Q

Transports material in one direction only (from roots to leaves):

A

xylem

75
Q

Transports dissolved nutrients

A

phloem

76
Q

Transportation is driven by differences in concentrations (source-sink dynamics)

A

phloem

77
Q

The cells that make up this tissue type are alive at maturity

A

phloem

78
Q

This type of tissue is often deliberately damaged by herbivores seeking the carbohydrates it transports

A

phloem

79
Q

where do vascular plants obtain resources from?

A

soil via roots

80
Q

plants are ___ water and ___ dry matter

A

85, 15

81
Q

root hairs

A

outgrowth from epidermal cells near root tips that greatly increase surface area

82
Q

what is a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils?

A

it is where negatively charged ion replace the floating + charged ions in the soil particle (which is -)

83
Q

lower pH =

A

higher availability

84
Q

higher pH =

A

lower availability

85
Q

root structure

A
  • water soluble nutrients enter the roots and then travel through xylem to the rest of the plant
  • xylem conduits are not in direct contact with soil
86
Q

cortex (root)

A

parenchyma cells in root interior

87
Q

endodermis (root)

A

layer of cells surrounding root vascular tissues,
- basically selects which materials enter the xylem

88
Q

steps of entering roots

A
  • ions that enter cytoplasm of a root cell can move to the xylem through plasmodesmata
  • or they can move water-filled spaces of cell walls
  • at the endodermis, the caesarean strip prevents ions and water from moving in the walls, which forces them into passing through cell membrane
89
Q

casparian strip

A

it is a band of hydrophobic material that encircles each endodermal cell

90
Q

water can only enter xylem by passing through ____ of ____ cells

A

cytoplasm of endodermal

91
Q

does water pass through epidermis and cortex easily?

A

yes

92
Q

what are fungi good for?

A

mobilizing P and decomposing organic matter in soils to release N

93
Q

what are bacterias good for?

A

some convert gaseous N2 into chemical forms that are more easily taken up and used by plants

94
Q

What is Mycorrhizae

A
  • Fungus + root (greek)
  • symbiotic association between plant and fungus colonizing root cortex during periods of active plant growth
95
Q

symbiotic movement (2)

A
  • plant carbohydrates –> fungus
  • plants <— inorganic jungle nutrients
96
Q

how much carbohydrates does fungi consume?

A

4-20%

97
Q

what do fungi provide?

A

nutrients

98
Q

what do fungi secrete which helps make soil nutrients more

A

enzyme

99
Q

endomycorrhizae

A
  • jungle networks within root cells
  • enhance plant’s uptake of phosphorus
  • 80% of plants
100
Q

what is endomycorrhizae good for?

A

they penetrate inside root cells and enhance carbon and nutrient exchange

101
Q

ectomycorrhizae

A
  • thick sheath of fungal cells + filaments that surround root tip
  • provide plant with nitrogen
  • 10% of plants
102
Q

what is function of ectomycorrhizae?

A
  • surrounds root but do not penetrate
  • carbon and nutrients are exchanged through plasma membrane
103
Q

Rhizobia

A
  • N2 is not bio-accessible; needs to e converted to NH3
  • plant mutualism with bacteria to gain access to nitrogen
104
Q

rhizobium bacteria role and steps

A
  • multiple outside of the root in response to chemical signals
  • then enter through root hair or break into epidermis
  • then the bacteria take up residence in a root nodule formed by dividing root cells
105
Q

where does bacteria fix nitrogen and what does it provide?

A

root nodule and provides access to Nitrogen

106
Q

rhizobium –>

A

N to plant –> N incorporated into seeds –> plant protein

Bioa02 (5 decks)

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