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Bioa02 > chapter 30 > Flashcards

chapter 30 Flashcards

1
Q

1 modular unit is composed of?

A

internode and node

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2
Q

stems grow by adding new cells at tips…

A

shoot apical meristem

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3
Q

shoot apical meristem

A

group of totipotent cells that gives rise to new tissue

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4
Q

totipotent cell

A

immature cells that can give rise to any type of mature cell

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5
Q

site of rapid cell division

A

shoot apical meristem

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6
Q

Most of the increase in cell size
occurs after _____ cell division
is complete

A

mitotic

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7
Q

within elongating internodes, cells increase many times in length, and the ____ comes to occupy over ___ of the interior volume of the cell

A

vacuole, 90%

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8
Q

shoots are made by

A

the repeated productions of nodes and internodes

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9
Q

meristem identity gene

A

a gene that contributes to meristem stability and function

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10
Q

evolution of leaves (3)

A
  1. formation of flattened organs
  2. meristem identity gene down-regulated and leaf identity genes up regulate
  3. evolution of new meristem enabling leaves to explain into flattened photosynthetic structures that capture sunlight
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11
Q

a structure that connects a leaf to its stem

A

petiole

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12
Q

primordia

A

leaves begin as a bump which forms on the inside of the shoot apical meristem

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13
Q

3 types of leave structures

A
  • alternate
  • opposite
  • whorled
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14
Q

bud scales

A

hard leaves that protect shoot apical meristem from water loss and damage due to winter cold
provide protection
climb
attract pollinators

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15
Q

primordium

A

singular

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16
Q

a plant cell that retains the capacity for cell division and gives rise to xylem and phloem

A

procambial cell

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17
Q

where are sepals, petals, stamens, carpels developed

A

primordia

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18
Q

what triggers the conversion of meristem to floral meristem?

A

protein florigen

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19
Q

floral meristems differetiate

A
  • lose capacity for continued indeterminate growth
  • floral organs develop from primordia, occurring in whorls
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20
Q

a chemical signal that influences physiology and development in both plans and animals

A

hormones

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21
Q

____ determine how leaves are arranged, where branches form, and how much internodes elongate

A
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22
Q

_____ which axillary buds grow into branches and guide the growth of a stem toward sunlight

A

hormones

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23
Q

hormones affect plant growth and development both by influencing ________ processes, such as the activity of membrane ____________, and by altering patterns of __________.

A

physiological, transport protein, gene expression

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24
Q

what are the 5 major hormones

A
  • auxin
  • gibberellin acid
  • cytokinins
  • ethylene
  • abscisic acid
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25
Q

which hormones are for growth

A
  • auxin
  • givverellin acid
  • cytokinins
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26
Q

which hormones are for senescence

A
  • ethylene
  • abscisic acid
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27
Q

which hormones have a single active form (3)

A
  • auxin
  • aba
  • ethylene
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28
Q

which hormones have variety active forms (2)

A
  • gibberelicc
  • cytokinins
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29
Q

what does an auxin do? (3)

A
  • it causes shoot to elongate
  • determines where new leaves will form
  • connects new leaves to xylem and phloem
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30
Q

synthesis and transport (auxin) 2

A
  • synthesized primarily in shoot apical meristems and young leaves
  • transported by polar transport through phloem
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31
Q

high levels of auxin trigger formation of new leaf ____

A

primordia

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32
Q

why does auxin accumulate in leaf primordia

A

because it promotes cell expansion so that the young leaves grow

33
Q

why does auxin go down through the leaves

A

it causes cells to elongate and to produce more auxin transport proteins

34
Q

The coordinated movement of auxin across many cells in a single direction is referred to as

A

polar transport

35
Q

in the cell walls, cells are ____

A

uncharged auxins

36
Q

in the cytoplasm cells are ____

A

negatively charged

37
Q

PIN proteins

A

located only on the Basel side of each cell

38
Q

where can auxin exit

A

only through the Basel end of cell aka PIN protein

39
Q

gibberellin acid

A
  • control internode elongation by reducing force needed for plan cell walls to explain
40
Q

synthesis and transport of gibberellin acid

A

synthesized in the growing regions of both roots and shoots

41
Q

cytokinins

A
  • produced in plant meristems
  • stimulates growth of branches from axillary buds
42
Q

synthesis and transport of cytokinins

A

transported in both xylem and phloem
and synthesized in both root and shoot meristem

43
Q

apical dominance

A

the suppression of growth of axillary buds by the shoot apical meristem, typically because of auxin and cytokinins

44
Q

what do apical dominance do?

A

prevents branches from being formed too close to the shoot tip, yet new branches can still be formed if the shoot meristem is damaged

45
Q

strigolactone

A

a plant hormone that inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds

46
Q

plants with strong apical dominance _______ and plants with weak apical dominance _________

A
  • will have a main stem. with a few side branches
  • will have many branches
47
Q

ethylene

A
  • reduces cell elongation
  • triggers fruit ripening
  • stimulates formation of air spaces in roots
48
Q

Where is ethylene transported

A

can be transported in xylem

49
Q

ABA aka abscisic acid

A

transported from roots to leaves in xylem
maintains seed dormancy

50
Q

what does ABA trigger?

A

stomata closure

51
Q

secondary growth

A
  • shoot apical meristems and axillary buds enable plants to grow in length and to branch
52
Q

floral meristem enables development of?

A

flowers

53
Q

why do plants need to grow in diameter?

A
  • strengthen the stem
  • increase capacity of vascular system
54
Q

the source of a new cell that allows plants to grow in diameter

A

lateral meristems

55
Q

when do lateral meristems form?

A

when elongation is complete

56
Q

plants produce ____ distinct lateral meristems that together result in ______ growth.

A

2, secondary

57
Q

source of new xylem and phloem is called?

A

vascular cambium

58
Q

plants with a secondary growth are usually?

A

woody

59
Q

located on the outside of the vascular cambium, protects it from herbivores, mechanical damage, desiccation and sometime fire.

A

cork cambium

60
Q

where are vascular cadmium derived?

A

form procambial cells within vascular bundle and parenchymal cells, both cells become meristamtic

61
Q

what makes up the bark

A

all material produced to the outside of the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem

62
Q

what is sapwood

A

transports water from roots to shoots (active xylem) becomes non functional after several years

63
Q

heart wood

A

no longer transports water, but provide mechanical support, nutrient storage, contains resin so is more resistant to decay and darker

64
Q

the cells produced by cork cadmium are called

A

cork

65
Q

as cork cells mature, they come coated with?

A

Suberin

66
Q

what is suberin

A

a waxy compound (non living cells) that protects cells against mechanical damage and entry of pathogens.

67
Q

this layer impedes the diffusion of oxygen

A

suberin

68
Q

lenticels

A

are regions of loosely packed cells in the cork that allow oxygen to diffuse into the stem

69
Q

in gymnosperm, secondary xylem fulfills two roles of secondary growth

A
  1. provide tree with strength and stability
  2. transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves
70
Q

tracheid or vessel fulfill both functions in gymnosperms wood?

A

tracheids

71
Q

angiosperm wood, cells in secondary xylem mature into distinct types

A
  1. fibers
  2. vessel elements
72
Q

fibers are?

A

thick cells with no lumen that provide support

73
Q

root apical meristems

A

totipotent cells near the tip of roots produce new cells

74
Q

after cell division, cells _______

A

alginate and differentiate

75
Q

what protects the meristem and is rubbed off or damaged as root alongates?

A

root cap

76
Q

auxin produced in shoot meristems transported _____ to roots via ____

A

down, phloem

77
Q

as _____ moves through ______, it triggers formation of ________cells that become phloem and xylem

A

auxin, elongated zone, procamial

78
Q

a single layer of cells just inside the endodermis from which new root meristems develop

A

pericycle

79
Q

is transported from young developing leaves to differentiated vascular tissue.

A

auxin

Bioa02 (5 decks)

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