Plant Reproduction and Development

Question 1

An organism that moves pollen grains from one plant to another

Answer 1

Pollinator

Question 2

• Male reproductive part of a flower
• Consists of a thin filament with a pollen-producing anther at the tip
• Spores (pollen) produced by meiosis in anthers develop into immature male gametophytes (pollen grains)

Answer 2

Stamen

Question 3

• Female reproductive part of a flower
• Consists of a sticky or hairlike stigma, a style, and a chamber (ovary) with one or more ovules
• Spores produced in ovules by meiosis develop into female gametophytes

Answer 3

Carpel

Question 4

The enlarged base of a carpel, inside which one or more ovules form, and eggs are fertilized

Answer 4

Ovary

Question 5

• Structure in which a haploid, egg-producing female gametophyte forms
• Develops from a mass of ovary wall tissue inside carpels; after fertilization, matures into a seed

Answer 5

Ovule

Question 6

•Walled haploid spore; gives rise to a pollen grain

Answer 6

Microspore

Question 7

Haploid spore that forms in ovary of seed plants

Answer 7

Megaspore

Question 8

Arrival of pollen on a receptive stigma

Answer 8

Pollination

Question 9

• One sperm cell in the pollen tube fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote
• The second sperm cell fuses with the endosperm mother cell and gives rise to triploid endosperm

Answer 9

Double Fertilization

Question 10

A cell with two nuclei (n + n) that is part of the female gametophyte of a flowering plant

Answer 10

Endosperm mother cell

Question 11

Triploid nutritive tissue in the seeds of flowering plants; sustains the sporophyte seedling

Answer 11

Endosperm

Question 12

•Consists of the embryo sporophyte and its food reserves inside a protective seed coat

Answer 12

Seed

Question 13

Mature ovule of a seed plant

Answer 13

Seed

Question 14

Mature ovary, often with accessory tissues that develop from other parts of a flower

Answer 14

Fruit

Question 15

Form of asexual reproduction in plants; new roots and shoots grow from extensions or fragments of a parent plant

Answer 15

Vegetative reproduction

Question 16

branch from the main stem of the plant, near the ground

Answer 16

Stolons

Question 17

thickened underground stems that store nutrients (tubers)

Answer 17

Corms

Question 18

flattened stems of succulents

Answer 18

Cladodes

Question 19

Laboratory method in which body cells are induced to divide and form an embryo

Answer 19

Tissue culture propagation

Question 20

Fruits may form in the absence of fertilization

Answer 20

Seedless fruits or parthenocarpic fruits

Question 21

Fruits may form in the absence of fertilization examples

Answer 21

blackberries, dandelions

Question 22

Fruit may continue to form after ovules abort

Answer 22

Seedless fruits or parthenocarpic fruits

Question 23

Examples of Fruit may continue to form after ovules abort

Answer 23

seedless grapes, navel oranges

Question 24

Fruits of sterile polyploid plants

Answer 24

Seedless fruits or parthenocarpic fruits

Question 25

Examples of Fruits of sterile polyploid plants

Answer 25

Seedless bananas (3n), watermelons (4n)

Question 26

* Induces stem elongation, helps seeds break dormancy | * Role in flowering in some species

Answer 26

Gibberellin

Question 27

Promotes elongation, cell division, and differentiation in apical meristems •Inhibits abscission, lateral bud growth

Answer 27

Auxin

Question 28

Growth-inhibiting effect on lateral buds, mediated by auxin produced in shoot tips

Answer 28

Apical dominance

Question 29

Promotes cell division; releases lateral buds from apical dominance

Answer 29

Cytokinin

Question 30

Gaseous plant hormone that inhibits cell division in stems and roots; also promotes fruit ripening

Answer 30

Ethylene

Question 31

Stimulates stomata to close in response to water stress; induces dormancy in buds and seeds

Answer 31

``` Abscisic acid (ABA) • ```

Question 32

In plants, directional growth response to an environmental stimulus such as gravity, light, contact, or mechanical stress

Answer 32

tropism

Question 33

Plant growth in a direction influenced by gravity

Answer 33

Gravitropism

Question 34

Change in the direction of cell movement or growth in response to a light source

Answer 34

Phototropism

Question 35

Redirected growth of a plant in response to contact with a solid object

Answer 35

Thigmotropism

Question 36

Internal time-measuring mechanism by which individuals adjust their activities seasonally, daily, or both in response to environmental cues

Answer 36

Biological clock

Question 37

Biological activity repeated about every 24 hours

Answer 37

Circadian rhythm

Question 38

Light-sensitive pigment that helps set plant circadian rhythms based on length of night •Triggers transcription of genes active in tropisms, photosynthesis, germination, and flowering

Answer 38

Phytochrome

Question 39

Biological response to seasonal changes in the length of night relative to length of day

Answer 39

Photoperiodism

Question 40

Stimulation of flowering in spring by cold winter temperatures

Answer 40

Vernalization

Question 41

Phase in a life cycle from maturity until death; also applies to death of parts, such as leaves

Answer 41

Senesence

Question 42

Period of arrested growth, ended only by specific environmental cues •Usually preceded by abscission

Answer 42

Dormancy

Question 43

Process of shedding plant parts in response to seasonal changes, drought, injury, or nutrient deficiency

Answer 43

Abscission

Question 44

Any agent that moves pollen grains from one plant to another; often a coevolved animal

Answer 44

Pollination vector

Question 45

Sweet fluid exuded by some flowers | •Attracts pollinators such as butterflies, hummingbirds, and honeybees

Answer 45

Nectar

Question 46

Opposite of evergreen trees like pine trees

Answer 46

Deciduous

Question 47

Fleshy outgrowths that can be eaten

Answer 47

Aril

Question 48

Water-pollinated

Answer 48

Hydrophilous

Question 49

Water dispersed

Answer 49

Hydrochory

Question 50

Fruits that develop from an pvary

Answer 50

True fruits

Question 51

stem of ginger

Answer 51

rhizoids

Question 52

stems of potato

Answer 52

tuber

Question 53

eyes of potato

Answer 53

nodes

Question 54

example of stolon

Answer 54

bermuda grass

Question 54

Spore bearing plants

Answer 54

Pteridophyte a