Digestive Flashcards
Signaling molecule made by adipose cells (body fat) that suppresses appetite
Leptin
Signaling molecule made in the stomach and brain that increases appetite
Ghrelin
takes food into the digestive system
ingestion
breaks down food into smaller bits or molecules
digestion
moves nutrient molecules from the gut into the body’s internal environment
absorption
expels unabsorbed material from the digestive tract
elimination
four actions of the digestive system
ingestion,digestion,absorption,elimination
digestive system that has one opening that takes in food and expels wastes
incomplete
digestive system, a tube with two openings (mouth and anus), and specialized areas between them
complete
accessory organs that assist digestion
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
function of 4 chambered stomach of cows
to help process nutrients from grass
functions of crop
storing food
function of gizzard
grinding food
where food is food is physically broken down into smaller pieces by teeth
mouth
Breaking of food into smaller pieces by mechanical processes such as chewing
mechanical digestion
component of tooth that is living cells
pulp
bonelike material that surrounds the teeth
dentin
Hard material covering exposed surface of teeth
enamel
Breakdown of food molecules into smaller subunits by enzymes
chemical digestion
act of mixing food with enzyme-containing saliva that begins chemical digestion
chewing or mastication
Enzyme in saliva that begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking starch into disaccharides
salivary amylase
Muscular tube between the throat and stomach
esophagus
If food enters the larynx, ________ occurs
choking
moves food through the esophagus, which is separated from the stomach by a sphincter
peristalsis
Ring of muscle that controls passage through a tubular organ or body opening
sphincter
Muscular, stretchable organ that mixes food with gastric fluid that it secretes
stomach
Fluid secreted by the stomach lining; contains enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and mucus
gastric fluid
Mix of food and gastric fluid
chyme
The stomach has three functions:
- Mixes and stores ingested food
- Secretes substances that begin food breakdown
- Helps control passage of food into the small intestine
Protein digestion starts in the
stomach
cuts proteins into polypeptides
pepsin
unfolds proteins
gastric fluid
Digestion of all nutrients is completed in the
small intestine
Longest portion of the digestive tract
•Site of most digestion and absorption
small intestine
Multicelled projections from small intestine lining, containing blood and lymph vessels
Covers intestinal folds
Villi
Thin projections that increase the surface area of brush border cells
Microvilli
receives chyme from the stomach, enzymes from the pancreas, and bile from the gallbladder
small intestine
- Organ that secretes digestive enzymes that break carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids down into subunits in the small intestine
- Also secretes hormones into the blood
pancreas
assists fat digestion by keeping fat droplets from clumping together, providing greater surface area for digestion
bile
Mix of salts, pigments, and cholesterol produced by the liver; aids in fat digestion
bile
Organ that produces bile, stores glycogen, and detoxifies many substances
liver
Organ that receives bile from the liver and expels it into the small intestine
gall bladder
absorbs minerals and water, and concentrates undigested residues as feces
large intestine