Digestive Flashcards
Signaling molecule made by adipose cells (body fat) that suppresses appetite
Leptin
Signaling molecule made in the stomach and brain that increases appetite
Ghrelin
takes food into the digestive system
ingestion
breaks down food into smaller bits or molecules
digestion
moves nutrient molecules from the gut into the body’s internal environment
absorption
expels unabsorbed material from the digestive tract
elimination
four actions of the digestive system
ingestion,digestion,absorption,elimination
digestive system that has one opening that takes in food and expels wastes
incomplete
digestive system, a tube with two openings (mouth and anus), and specialized areas between them
complete
accessory organs that assist digestion
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
function of 4 chambered stomach of cows
to help process nutrients from grass
functions of crop
storing food
function of gizzard
grinding food
where food is food is physically broken down into smaller pieces by teeth
mouth
Breaking of food into smaller pieces by mechanical processes such as chewing
mechanical digestion
component of tooth that is living cells
pulp
bonelike material that surrounds the teeth
dentin
Hard material covering exposed surface of teeth
enamel
Breakdown of food molecules into smaller subunits by enzymes
chemical digestion
act of mixing food with enzyme-containing saliva that begins chemical digestion
chewing or mastication
Enzyme in saliva that begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking starch into disaccharides
salivary amylase
Muscular tube between the throat and stomach
esophagus
If food enters the larynx, ________ occurs
choking
moves food through the esophagus, which is separated from the stomach by a sphincter
peristalsis
Ring of muscle that controls passage through a tubular organ or body opening
sphincter
Muscular, stretchable organ that mixes food with gastric fluid that it secretes
stomach
Fluid secreted by the stomach lining; contains enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and mucus
gastric fluid
Mix of food and gastric fluid
chyme
The stomach has three functions:
- Mixes and stores ingested food
- Secretes substances that begin food breakdown
- Helps control passage of food into the small intestine
Protein digestion starts in the
stomach
cuts proteins into polypeptides
pepsin
unfolds proteins
gastric fluid
Digestion of all nutrients is completed in the
small intestine
Longest portion of the digestive tract
•Site of most digestion and absorption
small intestine
Multicelled projections from small intestine lining, containing blood and lymph vessels
Covers intestinal folds
Villi
Thin projections that increase the surface area of brush border cells
Microvilli
receives chyme from the stomach, enzymes from the pancreas, and bile from the gallbladder
small intestine
- Organ that secretes digestive enzymes that break carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids down into subunits in the small intestine
- Also secretes hormones into the blood
pancreas
assists fat digestion by keeping fat droplets from clumping together, providing greater surface area for digestion
bile
Mix of salts, pigments, and cholesterol produced by the liver; aids in fat digestion
bile
Organ that produces bile, stores glycogen, and detoxifies many substances
liver
Organ that receives bile from the liver and expels it into the small intestine
gall bladder
absorbs minerals and water, and concentrates undigested residues as feces
large intestine
- Organ that receives digestive waste from the small intestine and concentrates it as feces
- Absorbs ions and vitamins made by bacteria living in the colon
large intestine
another name for large intestine
colon
Unabsorbed food material and cellular waste that is produced by digestion
feces
Final portion of the large intestine that stores feces; stretching triggers defecation reflex
rectum
Inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
wormlike projection from the first part of the large intestine
appendix
Small growth from the wall of the colon that may become cancerous; detected and removed by colonoscopy
colon polyp
three main categories of nutrients
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Organic substance required in small amounts for essential metabolic tasks
vitamin
Fat-soluble vitamins
a,d,e,k
Water-soluble vitamins
b and c
Inorganic substance required in small amounts for essential metabolic tasks
mineral
examples of mineral
iron, calcium
the body’s internal environment
consists mostly of interstitial fluid and plasma
extracellular fluid
Organ system that filters blood, and forms, stores, and expels urine
urinary system
Organ that filters water, mineral ions, nitrogen wastes and other substances from blood; returns water and non-wastes to blood, and forms urine
Kidney
Mix of water and soluble wastes formed and excreted by the urinary system
Urine
Tubes that carry urine from kidneys to the bladder
Ureters
Hollow, muscular organ that stores urine
Urinary bladder
Tube through which urine from the bladder flows out of the body
Urethra
Constantly filters water and all solutes except proteins from blood; reclaims water and solutes as the body requires, and excretes the remainder as urine
kidney
Channel for urine flow from a kidney to the urinary bladder
ureter
Stretchable container for temporarily storing urine
urinary bladder
Channel for urine flow between the urinary bladder and body surface
urethra
Kidney tubule and associated capillaries; filters blood and forms urine
nephron
Urine forms in nephrons by three processes:
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
- Blood pressure forces water and small solutes, but not blood cells or proteins, out across the walls of capillaries at the start of a nephron
- These enter the nephron’s tubular parts
flitration
- Water and solutes to be conserved move out of the tubular parts, then into the capillaries that thread around the nephron
- A small volume of water and solutes remains in the nephron
Reabsorption
- Hormone produced by the pituitary gland
- adjusts urine concentration by increasing water reabsorption by the kidney
- As a result, more water returns to the blood rather than leaving in the urine
Antidiuretic hormone
- H+ and other unwanted substances move out of capillaries and into the nephron for excretion
- Essential for regulating the pH of the internal environment
Tubular secretion
when filtration rate falls by half) causes waste buildup and can be fatal
kidney failure
Procedure used to cleanse blood and restore proper solute concentrations in a person with impaired kidney function
kidney dialysis
Dialysis solution is pumped into a patient’s abdominal cavity. Wastes diffuse across the lining of the cavity into the solution, which is then drained out.
Peritoneal dialysis
Tubes carry blood from a patient’s body through a filter with dialysis solution that contains the proper concentrations of salts. Wastes diffuse from the blood into the solution and cleansed, solute-balanced blood returns to the body.
Hemodialysis
A disorder in which a person does not eat enough to maintain a healthy weight, despite having access to food
Anorexia
Waxy fat like substance in the bloodstream of all animals
Believed to be dangerous when It builds up on arterial walls and contributes to the risk if coronary heart disease
Cholesterol
A visceral watery fluid secreted into the mouth by the salivary gland
Saliva
Whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus
Alimentary canal
First section of small intestine located between the stomach
Duodenum
Middle portion of small intestine
Jejunum
Portion of S.I. That connects to the large intestine
Ileum
Occurs when bacteria convert food stuck to a tooth into an acidic plaque
Tooth decay
The plaque dissolves a hole in the tooth creating A _____
Cavity
Acid reflux Caused by the sphincter not shutting properly
Heartburn
How many layers of smooth muscle are in the stomach? Epithelium?
3 layers
Glandular epithelium
Erosion of the stomach lining
Bacteria infect stomach lining
Continual use of aspirin
Ulcer
Hard pellets of cholesterol or pigment that sometimes form in the gallbladder
Most are harmless
Gallstones
Frequent passing of watery feces
diarrhea
Carries blood to be cleansed to each kidney
Renal artery
Cleanse the blood and for urine by three processes
Nephron
Transports cleansed blood away from kidneys
Renal vein
Acidic by products of fat and protein digestion that must be filtered from the blood by the kidney
Ketones
Measured as the rate of filtration
Kidney function
Exchange of solutes between two solutions that are separated by a semipermeable membrane
Dialysis
Dialysis that can be done at home
Peritoneal dialysis
Absorbs most of the water that enters the gut
Small intestine
Kidneys return water and small solutes to the blood by the process of
Reabsorption
Water loss triggers —– in ADH secretion
Increase
Kidneys adjust the blood acidity by increasing nor decreasing the —– of H+
Secretion
Place where an artery runs near the body surface
Pulse point
Valve failure in the legs cause
Varicose veins
Prevents lining of the stomach from having contact wt acids
Mucous
Ph of stomach
1
Parts of the stomach
Anterior cardia
Posterior pyloric
Lining of esophagus
Stratified cuboidal non keratinizing
Where oral and nasal passages converge
Pharynx
