Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Signaling molecule made by adipose cells (body fat) that suppresses appetite

A

Leptin

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2
Q

Signaling molecule made in the stomach and brain that increases appetite

A

Ghrelin

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3
Q

takes food into the digestive system

A

ingestion

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4
Q

breaks down food into smaller bits or molecules

A

digestion

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5
Q

moves nutrient molecules from the gut into the body’s internal environment

A

absorption

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6
Q

expels unabsorbed material from the digestive tract

A

elimination

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7
Q

four actions of the digestive system

A

ingestion,digestion,absorption,elimination

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8
Q

digestive system that has one opening that takes in food and expels wastes

A

incomplete

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9
Q

digestive system, a tube with two openings (mouth and anus), and specialized areas between them

A

complete

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10
Q

accessory organs that assist digestion

A

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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11
Q

function of 4 chambered stomach of cows

A

to help process nutrients from grass

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12
Q

functions of crop

A

storing food

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13
Q

function of gizzard

A

grinding food

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14
Q

where food is food is physically broken down into smaller pieces by teeth

A

mouth

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15
Q

Breaking of food into smaller pieces by mechanical processes such as chewing

A

mechanical digestion

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16
Q

component of tooth that is living cells

A

pulp

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17
Q

bonelike material that surrounds the teeth

A

dentin

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18
Q

Hard material covering exposed surface of teeth

A

enamel

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19
Q

Breakdown of food molecules into smaller subunits by enzymes

A

chemical digestion

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20
Q

act of mixing food with enzyme-containing saliva that begins chemical digestion

A

chewing or mastication

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21
Q

Enzyme in saliva that begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking starch into disaccharides

A

salivary amylase

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22
Q

Muscular tube between the throat and stomach

A

esophagus

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23
Q

If food enters the larynx, ________ occurs

A

choking

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24
Q

moves food through the esophagus, which is separated from the stomach by a sphincter

A

peristalsis

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25
Q

Ring of muscle that controls passage through a tubular organ or body opening

A

sphincter

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26
Q

Muscular, stretchable organ that mixes food with gastric fluid that it secretes

A

stomach

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27
Q

Fluid secreted by the stomach lining; contains enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and mucus

A

gastric fluid

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28
Q

Mix of food and gastric fluid

A

chyme

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29
Q

The stomach has three functions:

A
  • Mixes and stores ingested food
  • Secretes substances that begin food breakdown
  • Helps control passage of food into the small intestine
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30
Q

Protein digestion starts in the

A

stomach

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31
Q

cuts proteins into polypeptides

A

pepsin

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32
Q

unfolds proteins

A

gastric fluid

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33
Q

Digestion of all nutrients is completed in the

A

small intestine

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34
Q

Longest portion of the digestive tract

•Site of most digestion and absorption

A

small intestine

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35
Q

Multicelled projections from small intestine lining, containing blood and lymph vessels
Covers intestinal folds

A

Villi

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36
Q

Thin projections that increase the surface area of brush border cells

A

Microvilli

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37
Q

receives chyme from the stomach, enzymes from the pancreas, and bile from the gallbladder

A

small intestine

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38
Q
  • Organ that secretes digestive enzymes that break carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids down into subunits in the small intestine
  • Also secretes hormones into the blood
A

pancreas

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39
Q

assists fat digestion by keeping fat droplets from clumping together, providing greater surface area for digestion

A

bile

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40
Q

Mix of salts, pigments, and cholesterol produced by the liver; aids in fat digestion

A

bile

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41
Q

Organ that produces bile, stores glycogen, and detoxifies many substances

A

liver

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42
Q

Organ that receives bile from the liver and expels it into the small intestine

A

gall bladder

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43
Q

absorbs minerals and water, and concentrates undigested residues as feces

A

large intestine

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44
Q
  • Organ that receives digestive waste from the small intestine and concentrates it as feces
  • Absorbs ions and vitamins made by bacteria living in the colon
A

large intestine

45
Q

another name for large intestine

A

colon

46
Q

Unabsorbed food material and cellular waste that is produced by digestion

A

feces

47
Q

Final portion of the large intestine that stores feces; stretching triggers defecation reflex

A

rectum

48
Q

Inflammation of the appendix

A

appendicitis

49
Q

wormlike projection from the first part of the large intestine

A

appendix

50
Q

Small growth from the wall of the colon that may become cancerous; detected and removed by colonoscopy

A

colon polyp

51
Q

three main categories of nutrients

A

carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

52
Q

Organic substance required in small amounts for essential metabolic tasks

A

vitamin

53
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

a,d,e,k

54
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

b and c

55
Q

Inorganic substance required in small amounts for essential metabolic tasks

A

mineral

56
Q

examples of mineral

A

iron, calcium

57
Q

the body’s internal environment

consists mostly of interstitial fluid and plasma

A

extracellular fluid

58
Q

Organ system that filters blood, and forms, stores, and expels urine

A

urinary system

59
Q

Organ that filters water, mineral ions, nitrogen wastes and other substances from blood; returns water and non-wastes to blood, and forms urine

A

Kidney

60
Q

Mix of water and soluble wastes formed and excreted by the urinary system

A

Urine

61
Q

Tubes that carry urine from kidneys to the bladder

A

Ureters

62
Q

Hollow, muscular organ that stores urine

A

Urinary bladder

63
Q

Tube through which urine from the bladder flows out of the body

A

Urethra

64
Q

Constantly filters water and all solutes except proteins from blood; reclaims water and solutes as the body requires, and excretes the remainder as urine

A

kidney

65
Q

Channel for urine flow from a kidney to the urinary bladder

A

ureter

66
Q

Stretchable container for temporarily storing urine

A

urinary bladder

67
Q

Channel for urine flow between the urinary bladder and body surface

A

urethra

68
Q

Kidney tubule and associated capillaries; filters blood and forms urine

A

nephron

69
Q

Urine forms in nephrons by three processes:

A

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

70
Q
  • Blood pressure forces water and small solutes, but not blood cells or proteins, out across the walls of capillaries at the start of a nephron
  • These enter the nephron’s tubular parts
A

flitration

71
Q
  • Water and solutes to be conserved move out of the tubular parts, then into the capillaries that thread around the nephron
  • A small volume of water and solutes remains in the nephron
A

Reabsorption

72
Q
  • Hormone produced by the pituitary gland
  • adjusts urine concentration by increasing water reabsorption by the kidney
  • As a result, more water returns to the blood rather than leaving in the urine
A

Antidiuretic hormone

73
Q
  • H+ and other unwanted substances move out of capillaries and into the nephron for excretion
  • Essential for regulating the pH of the internal environment
A

Tubular secretion

74
Q

when filtration rate falls by half) causes waste buildup and can be fatal

A

kidney failure

75
Q

Procedure used to cleanse blood and restore proper solute concentrations in a person with impaired kidney function

A

kidney dialysis

76
Q

Dialysis solution is pumped into a patient’s abdominal cavity. Wastes diffuse across the lining of the cavity into the solution, which is then drained out.

A

Peritoneal dialysis

77
Q

Tubes carry blood from a patient’s body through a filter with dialysis solution that contains the proper concentrations of salts. Wastes diffuse from the blood into the solution and cleansed, solute-balanced blood returns to the body.

A

Hemodialysis

78
Q

A disorder in which a person does not eat enough to maintain a healthy weight, despite having access to food

A

Anorexia

78
Q

Waxy fat like substance in the bloodstream of all animals

Believed to be dangerous when It builds up on arterial walls and contributes to the risk if coronary heart disease

A

Cholesterol

79
Q

A visceral watery fluid secreted into the mouth by the salivary gland

A

Saliva

80
Q

Whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus

A

Alimentary canal

81
Q

First section of small intestine located between the stomach

A

Duodenum

82
Q

Middle portion of small intestine

A

Jejunum

83
Q

Portion of S.I. That connects to the large intestine

A

Ileum

84
Q

Occurs when bacteria convert food stuck to a tooth into an acidic plaque

A

Tooth decay

85
Q

The plaque dissolves a hole in the tooth creating A _____

A

Cavity

86
Q

Acid reflux Caused by the sphincter not shutting properly

A

Heartburn

87
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle are in the stomach? Epithelium?

A

3 layers

Glandular epithelium

88
Q

Erosion of the stomach lining
Bacteria infect stomach lining
Continual use of aspirin

A

Ulcer

89
Q

Hard pellets of cholesterol or pigment that sometimes form in the gallbladder
Most are harmless

A

Gallstones

90
Q

Frequent passing of watery feces

A

diarrhea

91
Q

Carries blood to be cleansed to each kidney

A

Renal artery

92
Q

Cleanse the blood and for urine by three processes

A

Nephron

93
Q

Transports cleansed blood away from kidneys

A

Renal vein

94
Q

Acidic by products of fat and protein digestion that must be filtered from the blood by the kidney

A

Ketones

95
Q

Measured as the rate of filtration

A

Kidney function

96
Q

Exchange of solutes between two solutions that are separated by a semipermeable membrane

A

Dialysis

97
Q

Dialysis that can be done at home

A

Peritoneal dialysis

98
Q

Absorbs most of the water that enters the gut

A

Small intestine

99
Q

Kidneys return water and small solutes to the blood by the process of

A

Reabsorption

100
Q

Water loss triggers —– in ADH secretion

A

Increase

101
Q

Kidneys adjust the blood acidity by increasing nor decreasing the —– of H+

A

Secretion

102
Q

Place where an artery runs near the body surface

A

Pulse point

103
Q

Valve failure in the legs cause

A

Varicose veins

104
Q

Prevents lining of the stomach from having contact wt acids

A

Mucous

105
Q

Ph of stomach

A

1

106
Q

Parts of the stomach

A

Anterior cardia

Posterior pyloric

107
Q

Lining of esophagus

A

Stratified cuboidal non keratinizing

108
Q

Where oral and nasal passages converge

A

Pharynx