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Semester 2 Exams > Plant R+D+G > Flashcards

Plant R+D+G Flashcards

1
Q

unlike animal development plants dont undergo

A

cleavage or gastrulation

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2
Q

describe the process of cell division in plants

A

microtubules align themselves in a paticular orientation

nucleus moves to the middle

cell division occurs

cell plate is formed

preprophase band dictates where the cell plate is formed

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3
Q

how is the 3 dimensinal plant form determined

A

depends on the orientation and growth rate of the current cells

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4
Q

4 stages of development in a plant

A

early globular - epidermis starts to form
late globular
heart stage
torpedo stage - group of cells get set apart to become stem cells

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5
Q

what are the two groups of meristem?

A

shoot apical meristem - stem cells are produced for the shoot

root apical meristem - root cells are produced

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6
Q

the meristem can be described as a ________

A

strucutre pattern generating machine

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7
Q

how do cells know where they are within a plant

A

interpret the concentration of a morphogen which changes down a gradient = french flag model

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8
Q

describe why without pin proteins auxin would be trapped in plant cells

A

IAA (auxin) can be protonated (IAAH) or deprotonated (IAA-)
at normal pH of around 7.2 in the cytoplasm IAA- is favoured

charged molecules cant move across membranes

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9
Q

describe the action of pin proteins

A

can transport auxin across membranes

  • into cell wall and into matrix where pH is 5 IAA- becomes IAAH
  • auxin import proteins are involved

move into neighbouting cells where pH is 7.2 again hence is deprotonated

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10
Q

new vascular tissue forms where morphogen level is _____.

A

high

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11
Q

where are pin proteins formed?

A

nextdoor to high auxin concentration cells

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12
Q

how is auxin promoted growth self limiting

A

the growth of an area means the concentration of auxin across that area reduces

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13
Q

what pattern of growth is found to be most common in plants

A

spiral

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14
Q

where is the primary and secondary mersitems in root

A

primary at the bottom

pericycle secondary meristem

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15
Q

plant development depends on the distribution of ___________ . which are generated by _____ _____ meristems

A

secondary meristems

primary apical

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16
Q

axilary meristems have cells arrested in ___

A

G0

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17
Q

what type of meristems lie within the stem

A

lateral

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18
Q

what two areas of the stem do stem cells lie in?

A

vascular cambium - grow and divide for a huge amount of time

corck cambium - generates the tough outer part

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19
Q

what can the meristems in the pericycle form

A

new lateral roots whic allow the plant to explore its environment

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20
Q

name a plant that forms budlets from stem cells

A

kalanchoe

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21
Q

where female gametes found iin angiosperms

A

carpel

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22
Q

male part of an angiosperm is the

A

stamen

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23
Q

describe the ABC model of flower formation

A

three gene domains A B and C
where only A is expressed you get a sepeal
where only C is expressed you have carpel

A and B gives a petal
B and C gives a stamen

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24
Q

which transcription factor is required to switch the meristem from making leaves to making a flower. when is it activated?

A

leafy

signalling between different parts of the organism followed by complex signalling within a tissue

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25
Q

what process occurs in male plants to form microspores and where. then what process forms the sperm nuclei

A

meiosis
sporangium
mitosis to forms sperm nuclei

26
Q

describe the process of making female gametes in angiosperms

A 
megaspore undergoes meiosis 
- 4 daughter cells 
- 3 die 
- 1 haploid cell = mega spore 
then each haploid cell undergoes mitosis to have two nuclei

egg cell and polar nuclei are formed

27
Q

describe the double fertilisation event that occurs in angisperms

A

pollen generates two sperm nuclei

1 sperm nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei - triploid endosperm formation

1 sperm nucleus fuses with the egg - diploid zygote formation

28
Q

what is important about the endosperm

A

most grains come from endosperm

29
Q

what hormmone is activated in seeds to start growth?

A

alpha amylase

30
Q

how do plants avoid asexual reproduction?

A

carpel and stamen may mature at different times

self incompatibiity factors = genotypes on pollen that block germination if they are the same as that of the carpel

31
Q

where is the embryo kept?

A

within the seed

32
Q

what triggers seed germination?

A

environmental factors

uptake of water leading to activation of metabolism

33
Q

lots of cell division occurs at the bottom of the root but there is limited ______. where as there is in the zone of elongation there is vey little division but lots of _______

A

growth

growth

34
Q

what is the internal hydrostatic pressure of the vacuole called?

A

turgor

35
Q

describe the structure of the plant cell wall

A

cellulose - long unbranced glucose polymer

is connected to pectin - glucorminc acid based polymer

linked together by hemicellulose

36
Q

cellulose provides high ______ strength to the cell wall. Pectin provides __________ to compression.

A

tensile

resistance

37
Q

what chemicals enable the expansion of the plant cell wall and how do they do this?

A

expansins interact and loosen the inter molecular forces. polymers slide over each other for the plant to grow

38
Q

describe auxins effect on the cell wall permeability

A

enzymes controlled by pH, cell wall pH is controlled by proton pumps. proton pump activity is controlled by factors including auxin

39
Q

describe how the cell wall grows in relation to cellulose

A

cellulose molecules alligned in different ways

- growth occurs perpendicular to the allignment of the microfibirls

40
Q

describe how microfibres are controlled by enzyme complexes

A

emzyme complexes generating cellulose move along the membrane but cant pass the microtubules
- acts like railway tracks by directing their movement

41
Q 
generalised functions of the following 
- auxin 
cytokinin 
- gibberlelin 
- abscisic acid 
- ethylene 
- brassinosteroids
A

auxin - growth promoter
cytokinin - cell division promoter, senescene inhibitor
gibberellin - growth promoter, seed germinator
abscisic acid - growth inhibitor promote senescence
ethylene - inhibit growth promote fruit ripening
bassinosteroids - inhibit growth

42
Q

where does gibberelic acid lead to seed growth? how does it do so?

A

in germination of seeds
- indirect outcome of amylase production stimulating starch breakdown to release sugars for growth
-

43
Q

plants will move towards _____ and _____ light but away from _____ light

A

blue and white

red

44
Q

thigmotropism

A

touch sensitivity in plantz

45
Q

seed germination is promoted by _______ light at ___nm. seed germination is inhibited by _______ light at _____.

A

red - 670

far red - 700

46
Q

short day plants have a critical threshold of night length under which they _____

A

will grow

47
Q

describe phytochrome

A

consists of two identical proteins joined to form one functional molecule

chromophore - absorbs a wavelngth of light
light receptor that phosphoryolases a kinase enzyme

48
Q

describe the forms of phytochromes and how you get from one to the other

A

switches between Pr and Pfr

Pr is inactive

shine red light and it becomes Pfr and is activated - kinase now active

shine far red and becomes inactive Pr form again

49
Q

describe the signals the phytochrome can send

A

alters the expression of levels of transcription factor FT in leaves - transported to the meristem to alter fate

50
Q

how do plants respond to gravity

A

statoliths at the root tip mediate gravity response

heavy starch granules shift down one side and promote growth

51
Q

describe the plants response to a biotic factor: a catipillar eating its leaf

A

catippilar nibbles at leaf
chemical in the saliva causes signal transduction pathway synthesising volatile attractants.
catipillar predators become evolved to follow the volatilies to kill the catapillars

52
Q

describe how agrobacterium can manipulate a plants development

A

trasnfers its DNA into plant cells form galls - mass of cells

53
Q

_____ attractants cause bacterium to get closer to the plant. the bacteria then release _____ factors which are ________ causing the ______ to close

A

chemo
nod
oligosaccharides
root hairs

54
Q

what is a signal transduction response

A

where signals are percieved by a receptor and passed on

55
Q

list the order of plant evolution

A 
charophyceans 
bryophytes 
pteridophytes 
gymnosperms 
angiosperms
56
Q

higher plants have a ______ sporophyte and a ______ gametopjyte

A

dominant

minor

57
Q

lower plants have a ______ sporophyte and a _____ gametophyte

A

minor

dominant

58
Q

how large is the gametophyte stage in angiosperms

A

8 cells surroned by sporophyte tissue

59
Q

eggs come from the _________ and sperm from the _______ in ferns

A

archegonium

antheridium

60
Q

three bits of evolutionariy evidence for conservation of the development of stomata

A

moss and arabidopsis have the same transcription factors

mutation of homologus genes in distinct lines leads to similar phenotypes

swapping gene of moss to arabidopsis gives normal phenotype

61
Q

evidence for the root hair being evolutionariliy conserved

A

RHD like gene from a bryophyte into angiosperm mutant without root hairs restores root hairs

62
Q

use duckweed to describe why asexual reproduction can be advantegous

A

rapid reproducing - double in less than 30 hours

take up all the sun on the pond and outcompete

Semester 2 Exams (10 decks)

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