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Biology > Plant Organs (Stem) - Cycle 2 > Flashcards

Plant Organs (Stem) - Cycle 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Stem

A
  • The organ bearing leaves and buds
  • It elongates and orients the shoot in a way that maximizes photosynthesis by the leaves
  • Lateral (side) branches grow from a lateral bud located at the angle where a leaf joins the stem.
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2
Q

Node

A

the location where leaves or buds are attached to the stem.

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3
Q

Internode

A

the region between nodes.

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4
Q

Functions

A
  • Attachment for leaves, flowers, and fruits
  • Conduction of water and minerals from the roots to all parts of the plant
  • Storage of nutrients, organic molecules, water and by products
  • Contains meristematic tissue for cell production
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5
Q

Stem Morphology: Axillary Bud

A

Lateral Bud

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6
Q

Stem Morphology: Petiole

A

Holds the leaf from the stem

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7
Q

Stem Morphology: Bud scale

A

protects the newly growing leaf

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8
Q

Stem Morphology: Bud scale scars

A

the bud scale will fall off and result to a bud scale scars

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9
Q

Stem Morphology: Terminal Bud

A

The top of the leaf

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10
Q

Stem Anatomy: Pith

A
  • Made up of ground tissues

- They are made up of ground tissues and are similar in composition

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11
Q

Stem Anatomy: Dicot Stem

A

It has a ring of vascular bundles surrounding a central path

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12
Q

Stem Anatomy: Monocot Stem

A

Vascular bundles are scattered in ground tissue

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13
Q

Meristem: Apical

A
  • Terminal and axillary buds of shoots; root tips

- Produces tissues that lengthen the tips of shoots and roots

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14
Q

Meristem: Lateral

A
  • Internal cylinder along the length of roots and stems of woody plants
  • Thickens roots and stems
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15
Q

Meristem: Intercalary

A
  • Between nodes of mature stems in grasses and other monocots
  • Regrowth of tissue if tip of stem is removed
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16
Q

Primary Growth (growth in length)

A
  • Apical Meristems are located at the tips of all roots and stems and contribute to the increase in length of the plant.
  • Tissues that develop from these apical meristems are part of the primary growth of the plant and give rise to the leaves and nonwoody stems and roots.
  • Vascular Cambium
    • xylem and phloem
  • Cork Cambium
    • bark
    • one of the layers of bark
17
Q

Secondary Growth (growth in thickness)

A
  • Some plants have additional meristematic tissues (lateral meristem) that increase their diameter.
  • These are the vascular cambium and cork cambium
  • Tissues developing from them are considered part of the plant’s secondary growth
18
Q

Secondary Growth (growth in thickness): Vascular Cambium

A

Grows in two directions to have both the xylem and the phloem to transport more nutrients for the plant.

19
Q

Secondary Growth (growth in thickness): Cork Cambium

A

Only grows in one direction to protect the bark more.

20
Q

Stem Plant Organs: Secondary Growth of Stem

A
  • Begins with the initiation of the vascular cambium
  • Production of secondary xylem and phloem is through the procambium (fascicular cambium)
  • Interfascicular cambium will produce the new batch of ground tissue between the vascular bundles
  • Forms a continuous ring of dividing cells called vascular cambium
21
Q

Stem Plant Organs: Secondary Growth of Stem, Sources of Vascular Cambium

A
  • Interfascicular parenchyma (interfascicular cambium)

- Procambium (fascicular cambium)

22
Q

Annual Growth

A
  • This growth will produce what we commonly see as rings
23
Q

Annual Growth: Annual Rings

A
  • Help us recognize the age of a tree.
  • Thicker, darker rings mean it is formed during late summer, fall, and winter
  • Thinner, lighter rings mean it is formed during spring and early summer
24
Q

Stem Modifications: Rhizomes

A

Horizontal stems usually located beneath the soil surface

25
Q

Stem Modifications: Stolons

A

Horizontal stems that produce roots and shoots at the nodes but they form aboveground

26
Q

Stem Modifications: Tubers

A

Enlarged storage stems that develop at the ends of slender rhizomes.

27
Q

Stem Adaptation: Corms

A

Short, thickened, vertically oriented, underground stems with dry, papery scale-like leaves

28
Q

Stem Adaptation: Bulbs

A

Cone-shaped stems surrounded by many scale like leaves that are modified for food storage.

29
Q

Stem Adaptation: Succulents

A

Plants that have extensive parenchyma tissue for storage of water

30
Q

Stem Adaptation: Thorns

A

Arise from the axils of leaves as do regular branches

31
Q

Stem Adaptation: Tendrils

A

Twine around a support structure to anchor the plants

32
Q

Economic Importance of a Stem

A
  • Food
  • Shelter
  • Clothing
  • Source of Income
  • Medicine

Biology (7 decks)

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