Fruits - Cycle 4

Question 1

Fruits Develop from Ovary

Answer 1

• Seeds develop from ovules, and fruits develop from ovaries
• Diploid zygote and the triploid endosperm are fertilized by the sperm cells during double fertilization. It is located inside the ovule because the zygote that will become the embryo is located inside the ovule, the structure becomes the seed.
• The structure enclosing the ovule is the ovary. As it matures, the wall of the ovary enlarges and forms to become the fleshy or dry pulp of the fruit that protects the seeds

Question 2

Fruit Structure

Answer 2

• A fruit is the mature ovary of a flower
• The fruit protects the enclosed seeds, and when mature, aids in their dispersal by wind or animals.
• After flowers, such as the American pokeweed, are fertilized, stamens and petals fall off, stigma and styles wither, and the ovary walls that house the developing seeds swell to form fruits thus, fertilization trigger hormonal changes the cause the ovary to begin its transformation into a fruit.
• If a flower has not been pollinated, fruit does not typically develop and the flower usually withers and die

Question 3

Pericarp

Answer 3

• During fruit development, the ovary wall becomes the pericarp, the thickened wall of the fruit
• The entire fruit wall whether composed of one, two, or three layers
• Region between the ovary wall and the layer outside the seed coat
• The fruit wall that develops from the ovary wall

Question 4

Regions of the Pericarp: Exocarp

Answer 4

• Outer layer

- The skin or peel of a fruit

Question 5

Regions of the Pericarp: Mesocarp

Answer 5

• The flesh

Question 6

Regions of the Pericarp: Endocarp

Answer 6

It may be tough like the stones are pits of peaches or it may be thin and fleshy like that of grapes. As the ovary grows, the other parts of the flower usually wither and are shed.

Question 7

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits

Answer 7

• Fruits derived from a single carpel or several few scarpels
• Derived from the ovary of a single carpel or several fused carpels
• Either fleshy or dry

Question 8

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Fleshy Fruits

Answer 8

When ripe, the pericorp is often soft and juicy

Question 9

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Fleshy Fruits, Berry

Answer 9

• Has a thin exocarp, a soft, fleshy mesocarp; and an endocarp enclosing one to many seeds
• Ex: Tomato, grapes, and blueberries

Question 10

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Fleshy Fruits, Hesperidium

Answer 10

• It is a berry with a tough, leathery rind, such as oranges, lemons, and other citrus fruits
• Ex: Orange, lemons, grapefruit

Question 11

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Fleshy Fruits, Pepo

Answer 11

• It is a specialized berry with a tough outer rind while the mesocarp and endocarp are fleshy
• Ex: All members of the squash family, including pumpkins, melons, and cucumbers

Question 12

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Fleshy Fruits, Drupe

Answer 12

• A thin exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a hard, stony endocarp that encases the seed
• Ex: Cherries, peaches, and plums
• Coconuts are also drupes but have fibrous walls instead of the fleshy walls found in most drupes. Cracking the put open reveals a single seed formed from a single ovule contained within the ovary of the flower.

Question 13

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Fleshy Fruits, Pome

Answer 13

• Fruits that develop from flower parts other than the ovary
• Often called as accessory fruits because the fruit was developed not only from the ovary but also from other structures of the flower including the petals and the sepals combined.
• Ex: Apples and pears

Question 14

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Dry Fruits, Dehiscent Fruits

Answer 14

crack open along two seams and shed their seeds into the environment when the fruit is ripe

Question 15

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Dry Fruits, Dehiscent Fruits, Legume

Answer 15

• Derived from a single ovary with two rows of ovules

- It splits along two lines of dehiscence following maturation and drying

Question 16

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Dry Fruits, Dehiscent Fruits, Capsule

Answer 16

• Composed of more than one carpel
• The lily split length-wise into sections corresponding to the number of carpels
• The sweet gum fruit, being a cluster of capsules, releases winged seeds as each ovary cracks open at maturity

Question 17

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Dry Fruits, Dehiscent Fruits, Follicle

Answer 17

• Develop from a single ripened ovary and split once to release their seeds
• Split open along seam and is always lengthwise

Question 18

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Dry Fruits, Indehiscent Fruits

Answer 18

Retain their seeds and do not crack open after ripening

Question 18

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Dry Fruits, Indehiscent Fruits

Answer 18

Retain their seeds and do not crack open after ripening

Question 19

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Dry Fruits, Indehiscent Fruits, Achene

Answer 19

• Consists of a single seed that is attached to the wall of the ovary at only one point
• Ex: Sunflowers, dandelions, and buckwheat

Question 20

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Dry Fruits, Indehiscent Fruits, Grain

Answer 20

The wall of the dry indehiscent fruit is thin, transparent and firmly attached to all points of the seed coat

Question 21

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Dry Fruits, Indehiscent Fruits, Samara

Answer 21

• It is a wide-borne fruit containing a single seed

- Winged samara fruits are characteristic of elms, maples and ashes

Question 22

Types of Fruits: Simple Fruits, Simple Dry Fruits, Indehiscent Fruits, Nut

Answer 22

One-seeded fruits with hard, stony pericarps, such as hazelnuts, chestnuts, and acorns

Question 23

Types of Fruits: Accessory Fruits

Answer 23

• Fruits that don’t really develop from ovary walls but rather from the receptacle of flowers. That’s why they are not considered true fruits
• In apple flowers, the ovary is embedded in the receptacle to which the fleshy part is derived
• It is only the apple core that develops from the ovary, the rest came from the receptacle because the ovary is situated inside the receptacle instead of above it. The fruit that will be developed will also be composed of the tissues that make up the receptacle hence, the fleshy part of pomes developed from the fused receptacle and ovary wall.

Question 24

Types of Fruits: Accessory Fruits, Receptacle

Answer 24

the stalk that joins all other parts of the flower.

Question 25

Types of Fruits: Compound Fruits, Aggregate Fruits

Answer 25

Results from the joining together of several ovaries of the same flower

Question 26

Types of Fruits: Compound Fruits, Aggregate Fruits, True Fruits

Answer 26

Raspberry

Question 27

Types of Fruits: Compound Fruits, Aggregate Fruits, Accessory Fruits

Answer 27

Strawberry

Question 28

Types of Fruits: Compound Fruits, Multiple Fruits

Answer 28

• Develops from an inflorescence, a group of flowers tightly clustered together
• When the walls of the many ovaries start to thicken, they fuse together and become incorporated into one fruit, as in a pineapple
  The pineapple is a cluster of mature ovaries each with accessory parts including the receptacle and portions of the sepals and bracts

Question 29

Seed Dispersal

Answer 29

• Developing fruits protect the seeds from herbivory
  
  • Fruits have two main functions; one of which is the protection of the seeds. Many developing fruits contain chemicals that animals find distasteful so the immature seeds inside remain safe from herbivory
• Mature fruits promote seed dispersal by animals, wind, and water
  
  • Once the seeds mature, the fruit changes. It becomes soft, sweet, and appealing to animals.
  • Regardless of the transportation mode, the seeds are often deposited far from the parent plant, promoting reproductive success by minimizing competition between parent and offspring