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Biology > Intro to Botany - Cycle 1 > Flashcards

Intro to Botany - Cycle 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Botany

A
  • Scientific study of plants and plant-like organisms
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2
Q

Plant

A
  • A photosynthetic, multicellular organism
  • Containing photosynthetic pigments called chlorophylls
  • Capable of making its own food (sugar) and storing it, usually in the form of starch
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3
Q

Plant Processes: Photosynthesis

A
  • The process of turning light energy into carbohydrates that can be transported and stored by the plant.
  • 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6H2O (Water) -> C6H12O6 (Sugar) + 6O2 (Oxygen)
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4
Q

Plant Processes: Respiration

A
  • The process where carbohydrates are broken down into energy the plant can use.
  • C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2 (Oxygen) -> 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6H2O (Water) + ATP (Energy)
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5
Q

Plant Processes: Transpiration

A

Moisture is carried through plants from roots to stomates where it is released as vapor

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6
Q

Plant Processes: Factors of Transpiration

A
  • Warm Temperature
  • Bright sunlight
  • Low humidity
  • Wind
  • Moist Soil
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7
Q

Plant Cells: Ground Tissue

A

Makes up the majority of a herbaceous plant

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8
Q

Plant Cells: Ground Tissue Types, Parenchyma

A
  • Most abundant
  • Alive at maturity
  • Thin primary cell walls
  • Ability to divide
  • Response to injury or changing environment
  • Functions: photosynthesis, respiration, gas exchange, storage of starch
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9
Q

Plant Cells: Ground Tissue Types, Collenchyma

A
  • Elongated living cells
  • Unevenly thickened primary cell walls
  • Function: elastic support
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10
Q

Plant Cells: Ground Tissue Types, Sclerenchyma

A
  • Inelastic support to non-growing plant parts
  • Dead at maturity
  • Thick, rigid secondary cell wall
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11
Q

Plant Cells: Ground Tissue Types, Sclerenchyma, Lignin

A

tough, complex molecule that adds Strength to cell walls

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12
Q

Plant Cells: Vascular Tissue

A

Transport water, minerals, and carbohydrates throughout the plant.

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13
Q

Plant Cells: Vascular Tissue Types, Xylem: Tracheid

A
  • Long, narrow cells that overlap at their tapered ends
  • Water moves from tracheid to tracheid through pits
  • Pits - thin areas of the cell wall
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14
Q

Plant Cells: Vascular Tissue Types, Xylem: Tracheid

A
  • Long, narrow cells that overlap at their tapered ends
  • Water moves from tracheid to tracheid through pits
  • Pits - thin areas of the cell wall
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15
Q

Plant Cells: Vascular Tissue Types, Xylem: Vessel Elements

A
  • Barrel-shaped
  • Stacked end-to-end, forming long, continuous tubes
  • Side walls have pits
  • End walls are perforated or absent
  • Water movement is faster than tracheid
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16
Q

Plant Cells: Vascular Tissue Types, Phloem: Sieve Tube Elements

A
  • Main conducting cells of phloem
  • Align end-to-end to form sieve tube
  • Alive but no nucleus and little cytoplasm
17
Q

Plant Cells: Vascular Tissue Types, Phloem: Companion Cell

A
  • Specialized parenchyma cell
  • Transfer carbohydrates into and out of the sieve tube elements
  • Provide energy and proteins to the conducting cells
18
Q

Plant Tissues: Ground Tissue

A
  • Fills the spaces between more specialized cell types inside roots, stem, leaves, fruits, and seeds
  • Important sites of photosynthesis, respiration, and storage
19
Q

Plant Tissues: Dermal Tissue

A
  • Covers the plant
  • Herbaceous Plant
    • Epidermis - single layer of packed, flat, transparent, parenchyma cells
  • Woody plant
    • Tough bark
  • Cuticle - prevents water loss
20
Q

Plant Tissues: Dermal Tissue, Cuticle

A
  • Prevents water loss
  • Waxy layer that coats the epidermis of the leaves and stem
  • Conserves water and protects the plant from predators and fungi
  • Impermeable not only to water but also to CO2 and O2
21
Q

Plant Tissues: Dermal Tissue, Stomata

A

Pores through which leaves and stems exchange gases with the atmosphere

22
Q

Plant Tissues: Dermal Tissue, Guard Cells

A

Surrounds stomata and controls its opening and closing

23
Q

Plant Tissues: Vascular Tissue, Xylem

A
  • Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to all parts of the plant
  • Water conducting cells are elongated and have thick, lignin-rich secondary cell walls
24
Q

Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Artificial Propagation Methods, Budding and Grafting

A
  • Small stems from one plant are attached to larger stems or roots of another plant
  • Ex: Some fruit and nut trees (oranges)
25
Q

Plant Tissues: Vascular Tissue, Phloem

A

Transports dissolved organic compounds, primarily sugars

26
Q

Plant Tissues: Vascular Tissue, Phloem, Vascular Bundle

A

Strand of tissue containing xylem and phloem, often with collenchyma tissue or sclerenchyma fibers

27
Q

Plant Tissues: Vascular Tissue

A
  • Xylem and phloem shuttle minerals and food throughout the plants body
  • Support - lignin strengthens walls of xylem cells and sclerenchyma
  • Enables vascular plants to tower over their no vascular counterparts - important for competition
28
Q

Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Type of reproduction that produces identical offspring from a single parent plant
  • Eliminates genetic recombination
  • Advantage: Adaptation to particular environment
29
Q

Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Natural Vegetative Reproduction

A

Type of reproduction in plants from its vegetative parts or specialized reproductive structures

30
Q

Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Natural Vegetative Reproduction: Tuber

A
  • New shoots arise from axillary bud on swollen, short, fleshy, underground stem
  • Ex: Potato
31
Q

Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Natural Vegetative Reproduction: Runner

A
  • New plants arise at nodes of above-ground horizontal stem

- Ex: Bermuda grass, strawberry plants

32
Q

Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Natural Vegetative Reproduction: Corm

A
  • New plants arise from very short, thickened, underground stem with thin, scaly leaves
  • Ex: Gladiolus
33
Q

Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Natural Vegetative Reproduction: Rhizome

A
  • New plants arise at nodes of underground horizontal rootlike stem
  • Ex: Sugarcane, ginger
34
Q

Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Natural Vegetative Reproduction: Bulb

A
  • New bulbs arise from axillary bud on very short stem with thick fleshy leaves (only in monocots)
  • Ex: Onion, garli
35
Q

Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Artificial Propagation Methods, Tissue Culture

A
  • Pieces of tissues from one plant are placed on a sterile medium and used to grow new individuals in mass numbers
  • Ex: Orchids, potatoes, and many house plants
36
Q

Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Artificial Propagation Methods

A
  • Done with human aid

- Often faster than growing plants from seeds

37
Q

Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Artificial Propagation Methods, Cutting

A
  • Leaves or pieces of stems or roots are cut from one plant, planted in soil and used to grow
    new individuals
  • Ex: Ornamental trees and shrubs (grapes and apples)

Biology (7 decks)

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