Intro to Botany - Cycle 1 Flashcards
Botany
- Scientific study of plants and plant-like organisms
Plant
- A photosynthetic, multicellular organism
- Containing photosynthetic pigments called chlorophylls
- Capable of making its own food (sugar) and storing it, usually in the form of starch
Plant Processes: Photosynthesis
- The process of turning light energy into carbohydrates that can be transported and stored by the plant.
- 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6H2O (Water) -> C6H12O6 (Sugar) + 6O2 (Oxygen)
Plant Processes: Respiration
- The process where carbohydrates are broken down into energy the plant can use.
- C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2 (Oxygen) -> 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6H2O (Water) + ATP (Energy)
Plant Processes: Transpiration
Moisture is carried through plants from roots to stomates where it is released as vapor
Plant Processes: Factors of Transpiration
- Warm Temperature
- Bright sunlight
- Low humidity
- Wind
- Moist Soil
Plant Cells: Ground Tissue
Makes up the majority of a herbaceous plant
Plant Cells: Ground Tissue Types, Parenchyma
- Most abundant
- Alive at maturity
- Thin primary cell walls
- Ability to divide
- Response to injury or changing environment
- Functions: photosynthesis, respiration, gas exchange, storage of starch
Plant Cells: Ground Tissue Types, Collenchyma
- Elongated living cells
- Unevenly thickened primary cell walls
- Function: elastic support
Plant Cells: Ground Tissue Types, Sclerenchyma
- Inelastic support to non-growing plant parts
- Dead at maturity
- Thick, rigid secondary cell wall
Plant Cells: Ground Tissue Types, Sclerenchyma, Lignin
tough, complex molecule that adds Strength to cell walls
Plant Cells: Vascular Tissue
Transport water, minerals, and carbohydrates throughout the plant.
Plant Cells: Vascular Tissue Types, Xylem: Tracheid
- Long, narrow cells that overlap at their tapered ends
- Water moves from tracheid to tracheid through pits
- Pits - thin areas of the cell wall
Plant Cells: Vascular Tissue Types, Xylem: Tracheid
- Long, narrow cells that overlap at their tapered ends
- Water moves from tracheid to tracheid through pits
- Pits - thin areas of the cell wall
Plant Cells: Vascular Tissue Types, Xylem: Vessel Elements
- Barrel-shaped
- Stacked end-to-end, forming long, continuous tubes
- Side walls have pits
- End walls are perforated or absent
- Water movement is faster than tracheid
Plant Cells: Vascular Tissue Types, Phloem: Sieve Tube Elements
- Main conducting cells of phloem
- Align end-to-end to form sieve tube
- Alive but no nucleus and little cytoplasm
Plant Cells: Vascular Tissue Types, Phloem: Companion Cell
- Specialized parenchyma cell
- Transfer carbohydrates into and out of the sieve tube elements
- Provide energy and proteins to the conducting cells
Plant Tissues: Ground Tissue
- Fills the spaces between more specialized cell types inside roots, stem, leaves, fruits, and seeds
- Important sites of photosynthesis, respiration, and storage
Plant Tissues: Dermal Tissue
- Covers the plant
- Herbaceous Plant
- Epidermis - single layer of packed, flat, transparent, parenchyma cells
- Woody plant
- Tough bark
- Cuticle - prevents water loss
Plant Tissues: Dermal Tissue, Cuticle
- Prevents water loss
- Waxy layer that coats the epidermis of the leaves and stem
- Conserves water and protects the plant from predators and fungi
- Impermeable not only to water but also to CO2 and O2
Plant Tissues: Dermal Tissue, Stomata
Pores through which leaves and stems exchange gases with the atmosphere
Plant Tissues: Dermal Tissue, Guard Cells
Surrounds stomata and controls its opening and closing
Plant Tissues: Vascular Tissue, Xylem
- Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to all parts of the plant
- Water conducting cells are elongated and have thick, lignin-rich secondary cell walls
Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Artificial Propagation Methods, Budding and Grafting
- Small stems from one plant are attached to larger stems or roots of another plant
- Ex: Some fruit and nut trees (oranges)
Plant Tissues: Vascular Tissue, Phloem
Transports dissolved organic compounds, primarily sugars
Plant Tissues: Vascular Tissue, Phloem, Vascular Bundle
Strand of tissue containing xylem and phloem, often with collenchyma tissue or sclerenchyma fibers
Plant Tissues: Vascular Tissue
- Xylem and phloem shuttle minerals and food throughout the plants body
- Support - lignin strengthens walls of xylem cells and sclerenchyma
- Enables vascular plants to tower over their no vascular counterparts - important for competition
Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction
- Type of reproduction that produces identical offspring from a single parent plant
- Eliminates genetic recombination
- Advantage: Adaptation to particular environment
Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Type of reproduction in plants from its vegetative parts or specialized reproductive structures
Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Natural Vegetative Reproduction: Tuber
- New shoots arise from axillary bud on swollen, short, fleshy, underground stem
- Ex: Potato
Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Natural Vegetative Reproduction: Runner
- New plants arise at nodes of above-ground horizontal stem
- Ex: Bermuda grass, strawberry plants
Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Natural Vegetative Reproduction: Corm
- New plants arise from very short, thickened, underground stem with thin, scaly leaves
- Ex: Gladiolus
Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Natural Vegetative Reproduction: Rhizome
- New plants arise at nodes of underground horizontal rootlike stem
- Ex: Sugarcane, ginger
Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Natural Vegetative Reproduction: Bulb
- New bulbs arise from axillary bud on very short stem with thick fleshy leaves (only in monocots)
- Ex: Onion, garli
Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Artificial Propagation Methods, Tissue Culture
- Pieces of tissues from one plant are placed on a sterile medium and used to grow new individuals in mass numbers
- Ex: Orchids, potatoes, and many house plants
Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Artificial Propagation Methods
- Done with human aid
- Often faster than growing plants from seeds
Vegetative Plant Parts: Asexual Reproduction, Artificial Propagation Methods, Cutting
- Leaves or pieces of stems or roots are cut from one plant, planted in soil and used to grow
new individuals - Ex: Ornamental trees and shrubs (grapes and apples)
