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plant physio midterms > plant nutrition > Flashcards

plant nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

is the study how plants absorb, distribute, and metabolize various _____ substances or minerals for their growth, development, structure, physiology, and reproduction

A

mineral nutrition; inorganic

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2
Q

refer to essential inorganic elements that are required for the proper growth, development, and functioning of plants

A

mineral nutrients

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3
Q

play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, and the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and other vital molecules

A

mineral nutrients

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4
Q

plants absorb mineral nutrients through their ____ from the soils, where they are primarily present in the form of _____ ion

A

roots; inorganic

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5
Q

_______ are _____ on the surface of a soil particle because that surface is _____ charged. Addition of one cation, such as potassium (K+), to the soil can displace other cations, such as calcium (Ca2+), from the surface of the soil particle and make it available for uptake by roots

A

cations; adsorbed; negatively

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6
Q

the degree to which a soil can adsorb, and exchange ions is termed its _________ and is highly dependent on the _____ type

A

cation exchange capacity (CEC); soil

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7
Q

what are the mechanisms of mineral absorption?

A

1) initial phase
2) metabolic phase

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8
Q

______ uptake of ions from the soil into the intracellular spaces, outer space, or free space of cells (the ______) occurs. the uptake of ions is ____

A

initial phase; rapid; apoplast; passive

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9
Q

movement of ions is ____ as these move into the cell ____ and _____ (_____) then move to another cell. it requires energy so it is an ____ process

A

metabolic process; slow; cytoplasm; vacuole; symplast; active

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10
Q

influx (inward of ions) fast

A

initial phase

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11
Q

in initial phase, they help in movement

A

transmembrane proteins and ion channels

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12
Q

influx and efflux are slow

A

metabolic phase

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13
Q

in metabolic phase, it helps in movement of ions

A

plasmodesmata

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14
Q

one which has a specific structural or physiological role and without which plants cannot complete their life cycle

A

essential element

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15
Q

what are the criteria for essentiality?

A

1) necessary for supporting normal growth and reproduction
2) mnust be specific and not replaceable by another element
3) directly involved in the metabolism of the plant

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16
Q

give the essential elements (only 17)

A

CHONSPPCM; MIMBCCZN

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17
Q

give the non-essential elements

A

cobalt, silicon, sodium, vanadium, aluminum, selenium (cosinavalse)

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18
Q

minerals salts dissolved in soil solution are constantly passing downwards along with gravitational (rain/irrigation) water

A

leaching

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19
Q

essential elements are grouped based on their functions

A

1) structural elements
2) components of energy-related compounds
3) activators or inhibitors of enzymes
4) osmotic potential maintaining elements

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20
Q

what is with structural elements?

A

the CHON

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21
Q

for components of energy-related compounds?

A

Mg for chlorophyll and P for ATP

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22
Q

for activators and inhibitors of enzymes?

A

Mg for rubisco and pepc, Zn for dehydrogenase, Mo for nitrogenase

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23
Q

for osmotic potential maintaining elements?

A

K for closing/opening of stomata

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24
Q

what are the sources of essential elements?

A

atmosphere/air, water, soil

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25
Q

a reservoir of essential elements and is rich in ions, inorganic salts, air, water, and useful microbes

A

soil

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26
Q

t or f: in general, the essential elements function in plant structure, metabolism, and cellular osmoregulation

A

CHREW !

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27
Q

it enters the plants from atmosphere as carbon dioxide

A

carbon

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28
Q

obtained mainly from water

A

hydrogen

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29
Q

comes from air or water, often in form of inorganic ions

A

oxygen

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30
Q

plants absorb ______ in compound state from the soil

A

nitrogen

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31
Q

all other elements needed by the plants, are absorbed from the soil, which are derived from the ____ rocks by _____ and _____-

A

parent; disintegration and weathering

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32
Q

types of essential elements on the basis of source

A

1) mineral elements
2) non-mineral elements

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33
Q

the essential elements, obtained by the plants from the soil are called ____ elements

A

mineral elements

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34
Q

most of the elements are _______-

A

mineral elements

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35
Q

the essential elements (such as _________), obtained by the plants from air or water are known as ___________ elements

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, non-mineral

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36
Q

mineral elements are obtained from?

A

soil

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37
Q

non-mineral elements are derived from?

A

air/atmosphere, water

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38
Q

_____ is considered a unique element, as it is derived from both mineral and non-mineral sources

A

nitrogen

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39
Q

present in easily detectable quantity, (in excess of 10 mmole kg-1 of dry matter)

A

macronutrients

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40
Q

give the macroelements

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium

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41
Q

macronutrients are usually involved in?

A

synthesis or organic molecules and development of osmotic potential of cells

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42
Q

about 96% of the dry matter of the plants is formed of __________ only

A

CHO

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43
Q

non-essential elements that occur in some plants that are in the range of macronutrients

A

silicon and sodium

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44
Q

terminal electron acceptor in respiration

A

oxygen

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45
Q

found in plants in traces only (i.e., less than 10 mmole kg-1 of dry matter)

A

micronutrients

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46
Q

give the micronutrients

A

manganese, iron, molybdenum, boron, chlorine, copper, zinc, nickel

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47
Q

micronutrients are usually involved in?

A

functioning of enzymes as cofactors and metal activators

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48
Q

non-essential elements in plants that are in range of micronutrients

A

cobalt, vanadium, aluminum

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49
Q

any mineral ion concentration in tissues that reduces the dry weight of tissues by about ____ is considered _____

A

10%; toxic

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50
Q

although plants only require trace elements in minute quantities the absence or unavailability of one or more trace element will cause _________ of pasture and crops and can also cause nutritional imbalances in plants

A

depressed growth

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51
Q

is the best way to determine nutrient deficiencies

A

plant tissue testing

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52
Q

functions of trace elements:

A

1) development of chlorophyll granules
2) formation of enzymes
3) improves photosynthesis
4) improves metabolic processes

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53
Q

the abnormalities or deformities caused in plants due to deficiency of essential elements are called what?

A

deficiency symptoms or hunger signs

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54
Q

deficiency symptoms disapperar when the deficient mineral nutrient is ______ to the plant

A

provided

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55
Q

if the deficiency prolongs, the plant may eventually ____

A

die

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56
Q

t or f: deficiency symptoms may affect the whole plant or be restricted to particular organ or part of an organ

A

true!

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57
Q

deficiencies of several elements may occur ______ in different plant tissues

A

simultaneously

58
Q

t or f: some virus-induced plant diseases may not produce symptoms similar to those of nutrient deficiencies

A

false; may produce!

59
Q

symptoms also depend on the _____ of the elements in the plants

A

mobility

60
Q

nitrogen deficiency

A

leaf chlorosis at older leaves; nitrogen is mobile (moves to upper part only)

61
Q

nitrogen deficient plant has what leaves?

A

light green upper leaves and yellow or tan lower leaves

62
Q

sulfur deficiency

A

leaf chlorosis at younger leaves; sulfur is immobile (stays at lower part only)

63
Q

the chemical determination of the nutrient content in a soil sample from the root zone

A

soil analysis

64
Q

increase in nutrient availability and absorption is directly related to an increase in growth or yield

A

deficiency zone

65
Q

as nutrient availability and absorption continue to increase, a point is reached at which further addition of the nutrient is no longer related to increases in growth or yield but is reflected only in increased tissue concentrations

A

adequate zone

66
Q

point of transition between the deficiency and adequate zones of the curve.

A

critical concentration

67
Q

defined as the minimum tissue concentration of the nutrient that is correlated with maximum growth or yield

A

critical concentration

68
Q

as the nutrient concentration of the tissue increases beyond the adequate zone, growth or yield declines because of toxicity

A

toxic zone

69
Q

crop yields can be improved by the addition of _______

A

fertilizer

70
Q

most ____ fertilizers contain _____ salts of the macronutrients ________

A

chemical; inorganic; nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus

71
Q

those approved for organic agricultural practices

A

organic fertilizers

72
Q

they originate from natural rock deposits such as _____ and _____ (phosphorite) or from the _____ of plant or animal life

A

organic fertilizers; sodium nitrate and rock phosphate; residues

73
Q

the organic compounds must be broken down, usually by the action of _______ through a process called _________

A

soil microorganisms; mineralization

74
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of nitrogen

A

function: required in greatest amount, constituent of chlorophyll, amino acids, nucleic acids

ds: chlorosis, inhibits growth, yellowing and falling of leaves

75
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of potassium

A

function: opening/closing of stomata, regulates osmotic potential

ds: chlorosis, necrotic lesions

75
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of sulfur

A

function: constituent of coenzymes and vitamins for metabolism

ds: chlorosis, stunted growth, anthocyanin

76
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of phosphorus

A

function: for energy, component of nucleotides for plant energy metabolism

ds: necrosis, stunted growth, anthocyanin

77
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of calcium

A

function: initiates plant responses to environmental stimuli

ds: necrosis, stunted growth

78
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of magnesium

A

function: part of ring structure of chlorophyll

ds: chlorosis, yellow/white leaves

79
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of manganese

A

function: activation of enzymes

ds: chlorosis and necrosis

80
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of iron

A

function: component of enzymes for transfer of electron

ds: intervenous chlorosis

81
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of molybdenum

A

function: component of enzymes

ds: chlorosis and necrosis

82
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of boron

A

function: cell elongation, hormone responses

ds: black necrosis

83
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of chlorine

A

function: water-splitting reaction for photosynthesis and cell division

ds: chlorosis and necrosis, bronzing leaves

84
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of copper

A

function: enzymes for redox reactions

ds: necrosis

85
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of zinc

A

function: enzyme activity

ds: chlorosis and white necrosis

86
Q

function and deficiency symptoms of nickel

A

function: activation of enzyme

ds: leaf tip necrosis

87
Q

when the elements keep moving along with the water to different parts (growing parts and younger parts) of the plants, then the symptoms first appear on the _____ parts e.g. deficiency symptoms of ________

A

mobile elements; older; nitrogen, potassium, magnesium

88
Q

that move to areas where it is lacking

A

mobile elements

89
Q

move from older leaves to younger leaves

A

mobile elements

90
Q

mobile elements result in discoloring (chlorosis) in ___ leaves

A

older

91
Q

give the mobile elements

A

nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, chlorine, sodium, zinc, molybdenum (nipomaphchlosozimo)

92
Q

although the precise mechanisms of nutrient mobilization are not well understood, plant hormones such as ____ appear to be involved

A

cytokinins

93
Q

the deficiency symptoms appear first in ____ tissue if the elements are comparatively immobile and do not get transported to younger parts in case of deficiency e.g. deficiency symptoms of _______

A

immobile elements; younger; sulfur and calcium

94
Q

nutrients cannot move

A

immobile elements

95
Q

immobile elements’ deficiencies appear in ____ leaves

A

younger

96
Q

what are the immobile elements?

A

calcium, sulfur, iron, boron, copper

97
Q

mobility or immobility is always relative, plants can transport immobile nutrients to other areas by making use of ______-

A

chelators

98
Q

a deficit of immobile nutrients in terrestrial plants can be amended by _____

A

foliar fertilization

99
Q

a chemical or natural substance applied directly onto a plant’s leaves to improve its health and increase fertility

A

foliar fertilizer

100
Q

used to successfully administer certain trace elements that the plant cannot absorb properly

A

chelates

101
Q

organic elements that the element (e.g. manganese, copper, and iron) holds like a claw

A

chelates

102
Q

the element remains better available to the plant when it is dissolved in the fertilizer solution

A

chelates

103
Q

used to prevent deficiency symptoms in plants

A

chelates

104
Q

increase the solubility, and thus availability of certain metal micronutrients to plants

A

chelators

105
Q

in soil with high pH levels, chelating agents will bind insoluble iron, converting it into a ________ that is available for plant uptake

A

water-soluble form

106
Q

host plant supplies what to mycorrhizal fungi?

A

carbohydrates

107
Q

mycorrhizal fungi supplies what to host plant?

A

nutrients

108
Q

these may also be improved in host plant

A

drought and disease tolerance

109
Q

two main types of mycorrhizal fungi

A

1) arbuscular mycorrhiza
2) ectomycorrhiza

110
Q

majority, perhaps ___%, are arbuscular mycorrhizas, which are symbioses between a newly described phylum of fungi, the ________

A

80%; glomeromycota

111
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi develop, ____ the root of their host, a highly branched system (mycelium) of ____ that explores the soil

A

outside; hyphae

112
Q

_____ in soil also helps stabilize aggregates of soil particles, promoting good soil structure

A

mycelium

113
Q

AMF: _____ extend into soil well beyond the zone of depletion that develops _____ a root and thus can absorb an immobile nutrient such as ______ from beyond the depletion zone

A

hyphae; around; phosphate

114
Q

AMF: ___ it penetrates the root epidermis and colonize the root cortex extending through intercellular spaces and invading the cortical cells to form either highly branched structures called _____ or complex _______

A

hyphae; arbuscules; hyphal coils

115
Q

AMF: ___ is delivered by the fungi directly to the root cortex

A

phosphate

116
Q

have the capacity for fast growth, highly efficient absorption, and rapid translocation and transfer of nutrients such as _______ to the root cells

A

hyphae of AMF; phosphate

117
Q

symbioses evolved more recently

A

ectomycorrhiza

118
Q

ectomycorrhiza phyla

A

basidomycota and ascomycota

119
Q

roots colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi grow more _____ and often appear _____ and _________

A

slowly; thicker; highly branched

120
Q

EMF typically form a thick sheath, or _____, of mycelium around roots, and some of the hyphae penetrate between the _______ and _______ cells

A

mantle; epidermal and cortical cells

121
Q

the root cells themselves are not penetrated by the fungal hyphae, but instead are surrounded by a network of hyphae called the______, which provides a large area of contact between the symbionts that is involved in nutrient transfers

A

hartig net

122
Q

EMF hyphae have a marked ability to convert insoluble organic _____ and ______ to soluble forms and to pass these nutrients to the plants

A

nitrogen and phosphorus

123
Q

enable their host plants to access organic sources of nutrients, avoid competition with free-living mineralizing organisms, and grow in highly organic forest soils that contain very low amounts of inorganic nutrients

A

ectomycorrhiza

124
Q

in general, differentiate AMF and EMF

A

AMF is for transfer and absorption of elements, while EMF is for conversion of insoluble organic to solubule forms

125
Q

classification of plant mineral nutrients according to biochemical function

A

1) nutrients part of carbon compounds
2) nutrients important in energy storage or structural integrity
3) nutrients that remain in ionic form
4) nutrients involved in redox reactions

126
Q

to demonstrate that an element is essential requires that plants be grown under experimental conditions in which only the element under investigation is absent

A

hydroponics

127
Q

what are the most important for plant growth?

A

mineral nutrient elements, water, air (co2), sunlight

128
Q

the technique of growing plants with their roots immersed in a nutrient solution without soil is called ________ or _______

A

solution culture or hydroponics

129
Q

nutrient solution is composed of what?

A

inorganic salts

130
Q

give plants that use hydroponics

A

tomatoes, cucumber, hemps

131
Q

hydroponics: Nutrient solutions are then flushed through the supporting material, and old solutions are removed by ______

A

leaching

132
Q

ensures that the roots receive an ample supply of oxygen

A

nutrient film growth system

133
Q

in this technique plants are grown with their roots suspended in air while being sprayed continuously with a nutrient solution

A

aeroponics

134
Q

in such systems, the nutrient solution periodically rises to immerse plant roots and then recedes, exposing the roots to a moist atmosphere

A

ebb-and-flow system

135
Q

nitrogen cycle steps:

A

1) nitrogen fixation
2) ammonification
3) nitrification
4) denitrification

136
Q

process in nitrogen fixation

A

conversion of nitrogen to ammonia

137
Q

process in ammonification

A

proteins and amino acids of dead organisms are converted to ammonia by microbes

138
Q

process in nitrification

A

conversion of ammonia into nitrate by soil bacteria

139
Q

what are the bacteria in nitrification?

A

nitrosomonas, nitrococcus, nitrobacter

140
Q

process in denitrification

A

conversion of nitrate into nitrogen

141
Q

bacteria involved in denitrification:

A

pseudomonas and thiobacillus

plant physio midterms (4 decks)

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