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plant physio midterms > lab ! > Flashcards

lab ! Flashcards

slay mo pls huhu

1
Q

all seeds are surrounded by a protective outer layer of dead cells called the _____

A

testa or seed coat

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2
Q

testa may sometimes be fused to the _____, or _____, derived from the ovary wall

A

pericarp or fruit wall

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3
Q

angiosperm embryo is simple structure consisting of what parts?

A

embryonic axis and one/two cotyledons

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4
Q

embryonic axis is composed of the ____, or embryonic root, the ____, to which the cotyledons are attached, and the ____ apex bearing the plumule, or first true leaf _____

A

radicle; hypocotyl; shoot; plumule; primordia

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5
Q

smallest seed?

A

orchid seed

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6
Q

largest seed?

A

double coconut palm seed

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7
Q

seeds can be categorized broadly as _______ or ________, depending on the presence or absence of a well-formed ______ endosperm at maturity

A

endospermic or non-endospermic; triploid

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8
Q

example of non-endospermic seeds

A

beet seeds, garden bean seeds, legume seeds

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9
Q

the _________ is derived from the ________, the maternal tissue that gives rise to the ovule

A

perisperm; nucellus

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10
Q

example of endospermic seeds

A

castor bean, onion, wheat, maize

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11
Q

it is typically rich in starch, oils, and protein

A

endosperm

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12
Q

plays an important role in regulating dormancy in certain eudicot seeds

A

aleurone layer

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13
Q

give the specialized embryonic structures to the grass family:

A

scutellum, coleoptile, coleorizha, mesocotyl

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14
Q

the single cotyledon has been modified by evolution to form an absorptive organ, the _____, which forms the interface between the embryo and the starchy endosperm tissue

A

scutellum

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15
Q

the basal sheath of the scutellum has elongated to form a ______ that covers and protects the first leaves while buried beneath the soil.

A

coleoptile

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16
Q

the base of the hypocotyl has elongated to form a protective sheath around the radicle called the _____

A

coleorhiza

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17
Q

in some species, such as maize, the upper hypocotyl has been modified to form a _______

A

mesocotyl

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18
Q

physiological dormancy imposed on the embryo by the seed coat and other enclosing tissues, such as endosperm, pericarp, or extrafloral organs, is known as _________

A

coat-imposed dormancy

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19
Q

there are several mechanisms by which seed coats can impose dormancy on the embryo:

A

1) water impermeability
2) mechanical constraint
3) interference with gas exchange
4) retention of inhibitors

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20
Q

seed dormancy that is intrinsic to the embryo and is not due to any influence of the seed coat or other surrounding tissues is called ______

A

embryo dormancy

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21
Q

__________, which senses red (R) and far-red (FR) wavelengths of light, is the primary sensor for light-regulated seed germination

A

phytochrome

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22
Q

chilling seeds to break their dormancy is referred to as ______, named for agricultural practice of overwintering dormant seeds in layered mounds of soil or moist sand

A

stratification

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23
Q

_______ is the process that begins with water uptake by the dry seed and ends with the emergence of the embryonic axis, usually the radicle, from its surrounding tissues

A

germination

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24
Q

strictly speaking, germination does not include seedling growth after radicle emergence, which is referred to as ______-

A

seedling establishment

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25
Q

immature plant in a state of arrested growth

A

embryo

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26
Q

stored food substances in seed

A

cotyledon, endosperm, perisperm

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27
Q

protects the embryo from unfavorable environmental conditions

A

seed coat or testa

28
Q

seed coat or testa is developed from what?

A

integuments of ovule

29
Q

forms the attachment between the shoot and the leaf primordia

A

epicotyl

30
Q

plant’s first true leaves

A

leaf primordia, plumule bears it

31
Q

is found below the cotyledons (seed leaves) and above the radicle (root)

A

hypocotyl

32
Q

an embryonic shoot (leaf) of germinating seedlings

A

plumule

33
Q

a shoot (stem) in a young germinating seed

A

hypocotyl

34
Q

increase in length of the hypocotyl is not part of germination, but of _______

A

seedling growth

35
Q

where the cotyledons are attached to

A

hypocotyl

36
Q

basal part of the embryo, develops into a primary root

A

radicle

37
Q

yellow portion that constitutes the bulk of the grain

A

endosperm

38
Q

outermost layer of the endosperm in some species differentiates into a specialized secretory tissue with thickened primary walls called the ________, so called because it is composed of cells filled with ________, originally called ________

A

aleurone layer; protein storage vacuoles; aleurone grains

39
Q

resumption of the active growth of the seed embryo

A

seed germination

40
Q

seed germination will only proceed if the seed is ____ and favorable environmental conditions are met

A

viable

1) sufficient water and oxygen
2) optimum temperature
3) proper light requirements

41
Q

ability of a seed to germinate and produce a mature plant

A

viability

42
Q

a kind of viability test

A

germination test

43
Q

ability to undergo rapid uniform germination and fast seedling growth under a wide range of conditions

A

vigor

44
Q

germination involves both ____ and ______ processes. In general, it consists of the following steps not necessarily in sequence but often overlaps one another

A

physical and chemical

1) imbibition and absorption of water
2) hydration of tissues
3) absorption of oxygen
4) increased enzymatic activity
5) initiation of cell division and cell enlargement
6) increased respiration and assimilation
7) increased cell division and cell elongation
8) cellular differentiation
9) emergence of the seedling

45
Q

differentiate true dormancy/primary dormancy to quiescence/secondary dormancy

A

true/primary dormancy is the temporary suspension of visible growth caused by the physiological conditions with the seed. this is induced by abscisic acid

quiescence/secondary dormancy is the non-germination due to unfavorable environmental conditions such as deficient or excess amount of water and oxygen, extreme temperatures, and unfavorable photoperiod

46
Q

is a notable survival mechanism in plants ensuring that germination will occur at an appropriate time and place

A

seed dormancy

47
Q

is the primary determinant of seed dormancy

A

abscisic acid to gibberellic acid ratio (ABA:GA ratio)

48
Q

it has long been known that ____ exerts an inhibitory effect on seed germination, while _______ exerts a positive influence

A

ABA; gibberellin

49
Q

Vigna radiata L.

Type of leaf:
Leaf shape:
Family:

A

trifoliate
oval
fabaceae

50
Q

formula for percentage germination

A

gp = seed germinated / total seeds x 100

51
Q

all living organisms possess _______ that enable them to perform certain vital functions

A

definite structures

52
Q

these definite structures, if broken down into their chemical component parts, are roughly made up of _________

A

inorganic and organic parts

53
Q

______ components are derived directly from the surrounding environment, and from these, ______ components are produced through a series of complex biochemical events

A

inorganic components; organic components

54
Q

in most herbaceous plant tissues, ______ constitutes the largest component

A

water

55
Q

during the process of drying, water escapes as _______ and the remaining mass is the ________

A

water vapor; dry matter

56
Q

_______ the dry matter by subjecting the material to a very high temperature reduces the material to grayish white carbon-free _____

A

combusting; ash

57
Q

in the ashing process, the organic components such as carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids are converted into ___ forms like carbon dioxide, water, and some oxides of nitrogen

A

gaseous

58
Q

remaining in the ash are the _____ elements, the ______, in the form of _______

A

inorganic; minerals; oxides

59
Q

optimal range for temperature of seeds

A

21-26 degrees celsius

60
Q

optimal range for pH of seeds

A

6.5-7.5 (slightly acidic to slightly basic, but should be neutral)

61
Q

optimal range for NaCl con. of seeds

A

0%

62
Q

this is where the seed absorbs its water

A

micropyle

63
Q

seeds need dark to germinate

A

scotoblastic seeds

63
Q

seeds need light to germinate

A

photoblastic seeds

64
Q

seeds unaffected by the kind of light in germination

A

non-photoblastic seeds

65
Q

describes the condition where seeds delay germination until specific light conditions are fulfilled

A

photodormancy

plant physio midterms (4 decks)

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