Plant morphology and physiology Flashcards
two types of plants
a. herbaceous
b. woody
types of plants according to their length survival:
a. annuals
b. biennials
c. perrenials
are herbaceous plants that grow, reproduce, and die in 1 year or season
annuals
_____ are example of corn, geranium, and marigold
Annuals
take 2 years to complete their life cycles
Biennials
biennials produce extra _____ which they store and use during the second year.
carbohydrates
examples of biennials
carrot and cabbage
are woody or herbaceous plants that live for more than 2 years
Perennials
anchors the plant soil; absorbs and transports minerals and water; stores food
root system
made up of stems, leaves, and adptations for reproduction.
shoot system
three types of tissue system
a. dermal tissue
b. vascular tissue
c. ground tissue
three primary meristems
Ground meristem, protoderm, pro cambium
Give rise to ground tissue
ground meristem
Give rise to “skin” coverings
Protoderm
Give rise to plumbing of the plant
Procambium
Secondary growth; add girth (width) by producing wood and bark
Latteral meristems
reason why grass keeps growing back after you cut it; add to the plants length
intercalary meristems
Components: Epidermis and peridermis
dermal tissue system
Components: parenchyma tissue, collenchyma tissue, sclerenchyma tissue
Ground tissue system
Components: xylem tissue and phloem tissue
vascular tissue system
Functions: protection, prevention of water loss
dermal tissue system
Functions: photosynthesis, food storage, regeneration, support, protection
Ground tissue system
Functions: Transport of water, minerals, and food
vascular tissue system
a functional unit connecting all of the plant’s organs; Each ____ system is continuous throughout the entire plant.
tissue system
plant’s outer protective covering
dermal tissue system
dermal tissue contains:
epidermis and cuticle
a waxy substance that prevents water loss
cuticle
the outermost layer of cells covering a woody stem or root-that is, the outer bark that replaces epidermis when it is destroyed during secondary growth
periderm
tissue system that conducts materials throughout the plant body.
vascular tissue system
water conducting tissue
xylem
food conducting tissue
phloem
the conducting cells in xylem are:
tracheids and vessel elements
bigger hole
vessel element
small hole
tracheids
All of the tissues of the plant body other than the vascular tissues and the dermal tissues; it accounts for most of the bulk of a young plant, filling the spaces between the epidermis and vascular tissue system
Ground tissue system
photosynthesis, storage and secretion; have thin primary cell walls
Parenchyma tissue
is a flexible tissue hat provides much support in soft, non-woody plants organs; allow plants to grow upward
collenchyma tissue
structural support; have both primary cell walls and thick secondary walls
sclerenchyma tissue
two types of cells in sclerenchyma tissue:
sclereids and fibers
roots, stems, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are called:
The plant organs
Generally grow downward, in the direction of gravity
roots
the embryonic root is called
radicle
tap root
dicot
fibrous root
monocot
via cell walls and spaces between cells; stopped by Casparian strip
Extracellular route
via cell interiors, through plasmodesmata
intracellular route
underground organ that undergoes modifications during tis development to store nutrients
storage roots
are modified adventitious roots that grown downward to provide support to the heavy branches
prop roots
are large, wide roots on all sides of a shallowly rooted tree; they may prevent the tree from falling over
buttress roots
roots that grow vertically upwards to get oxygen for respiration by plants growing in swampy areas
pneumatophores
modified root of parasitic plants that penetrates into a host plant
haustorial roots
are responsible movement of the underground shoot part of the plant
contractile root
roots above the ground. they are almost adventitious.
aerial roots
link a plant’s root to its leaves; are either herbaceous or woody
stems
most water that a plant absorbs is transpired through _____ into the atmosphere.
stomata
a horizontal underground stem that often serves as a storage organ and a means of asexual reproduction
rhizome
climbing stem; weak-stemmed plants
veins
rounded, fleshy underground bud
bulbs
a short, thickened underground stem
corm
an aerial horizontal stem with long internodes
stolon
