Chemical Components of Plant Cells Flashcards
it is defined as anything that takes up space and has mass
Matter
matter exist in many diverse forms and states:
Condensates, Solids, Liquids, gases and plasmas
matter consist of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called:
compounds
a substance that cannot be taken down to other substances by chemical reactions.
Elements
Backbone of organic molecules
c - carbon
present in lost organic molecules; required for aerobic respiration.
O - Oxygen
Present in most organic molecules
H - Hydrogen
Present in all protein and nucleic acids; present in chlorophyll
N - Nitrogen
Present in nucleic acids and energy transfer molecules such as ATP
K - Potassium
Present in chlorophyll
Mg - Magnesium
component of certain enzymes
Fe - Iron
Constituent of cell walls; required for some energy transfer reactions
Ca - Calcium
The smallest possible particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element is called: ( indivisible in greek)
Atoms
The number of an electron is ______ to the number of protons and neutrons.
equal
__ electrons, _____protons,_____ neutrons
all 6
a substance containing two or more different elements combined in a fixed ration.
Compounds
Hold atoms together
Chemical Bounds
Two main types of Bonds
Ionic and Covalent
Two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for electrons, and as a result, atoms gain or lose electrons to form this type of bond.
Ionic Bond
A charge atom or molecule
Ion
a positive charge
Cation
a negative charge
anion
The sharing of a pair of electron by two atoms; two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds constitute a molecule.
Covalent bond
Two types of covalent bond
Polar and non polar
atoms have differing electronegativities; sharing the electrons unequally
Polar Covalent Bond
atoms have similar electronegativities; sharing the electrons equally
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
the strongest chemical bonds in organisms are____, which link atoms to form a cell’s molecules
Covalent bonds
Many large biological molecules are held in their functional form by
weak bonds
Two molecules can come together, respond to one another in some way, and then separate, they help to determine and stabilize the shapes of biological molecules. e.g. Ionic bond, hydrogen bond, and van der waals interaction
advantages of weak bonds
a non covalent attraction between hydrogen and electronegative atom; can occur in inorganic molecules such as water and in organic molecules like DNA and proteins; important in determining water
Hydrogen Bonds
it occurs only when atoms and molecules are very close together; Residual attractive or repulsive forces between molecules or atomic groups that do not arise from a covalent bond, or ionic bonds
Van der Waals interaction
Two types of chemical compounds
inorganic and organic
they are composed of elements other than carbon
inorganic compounds
examples of inorganic compound
Water, acids, bases, and buffers
an inorganic compound essential to plants; exist in solid, liquid, or vapor
Water
4 emergent properties of water
a. Cohesive behavior
b. ability to moderate temperature
c. expansion upon freezing
d. Versatility as a solvent
helps hold together the column of water within the cells, a phenomenon in which hydrogen bonds hold the substance together is called
Cohesion
Helps resist the downward pull of gravity, the clinging of one substance to another is called___.
adhesion
related to cohesion is ______, a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
surface tension
water molecules stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding
Cohesive behavior
at sea level, water freezes at __ degree C and boils at ____ degree C
0; 100
water is universal or not?
not
one of the most important aspects of either environment is how acidic or basic (alkaline) it is, it is remain fairly stable in a plant’s cell degree, it dissociate almost completely in water; a proton donor
Acid
HCI—–>H positive + Cl negative
Acid
a compound that dissociates hydroxide ions (OH-) and positive sodium ion.
Base
NaOH ——> Na positive + OH negative
Base
a substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution; accepting and donating hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and.depleted; ___ solutions can reversibly with hydrogen ions.
Buffers
Measures the minimizes changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution.
pH Scale
pH scale is important for:
a. photosynthesis
b. Disease resistance
c. tolerance to environmental stress
d. Efficient water use
e. overall plant health
Contains carbon and hydrogen
organic compound
examples of organic compound
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
composed of 1C: 2H:1O
Carbohydrates
3 kinds of carbohydrates
a. monosaccharides
b. Disaccharides
c. Polysaccharides
also known as simple sugar and fuel molecules of cells, they are the monomer of carbohydrates; glucose and fructose
monosaccharides
also known as double sugar; Sucrose
disaccharides
also known as complex sugar, and composed of many sugar units.
Polysaccharides
2 major function of polysaccharides:
a. building/structural material ( cellulose)
b. Main carbohydrate storage/reserves in plants.e.g. starches ( potatoes, corn, rice)
Have a greasy or oily consistency and do not readily dissolve/mix in water.
Lipids
function in all cells as fuel molecules and as essential components of cell membrane; waterproof covering (cuticle); acts as light-gathering molecules 9 chlorophylls and carotenoids) for photosynthesis
Lipids
Lipids include:
a. natural fats and oils
b. Phospholipids
c. Steroids
d. certain pigments
e. waxes
____is a solid at room temp and __ is liquid at room temp
Fats; oil
a group of lipids important a s component of cell membranes
phospholipids
is a waxy substances found in outer walls of epidermal cells, from the cuticle that covers the aerial portions of plant leaves and herbaceous stems
Cutin
is a waxy substance found in the walls of cork cells ( outer bark of wood)
Suberin
___ and____ protects the. plant’s aerial surface from excess water loss.
cutin and suberin
are macromolecules composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and usually sulfur that serve as structural components of cells and tissues
Proteins
a protein that affects the rate of chemical reactions
enzyme
proteins composed of hundreds of units called:
amino acids
important reasons of amino acids to plants:
a. protein synthesis
b. Photosynthesis
c. Nutrient transport
d. cell wall formation
e. regulation of growth and development
the transmission of heredity information from one generation to the next
Nucleic acids
nucleic acids composed of repeating units called:
nucleotides
two types of nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
combines the instructions for making all the proteins that an organisms needs; are encoded in genes
Dna or deoxyribonucleic acid
functions in the process of protein synthesis and various function during gene expression
Rna or ribonucleic acids
types of RNA
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA
sequence
cell, nucleus, chromosomes, dna
