Chemical Components of Plant Cells

Question 1

it is defined as anything that takes up space and has mass

Answer 1

Matter

Question 2

matter exist in many diverse forms and states:

Answer 2

Condensates, Solids, Liquids, gases and plasmas

Question 3

matter consist of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called:

Answer 3

compounds

Question 4

a substance that cannot be taken down to other substances by chemical reactions.

Answer 4

Elements

Question 5

Backbone of organic molecules

Answer 5

c - carbon

Question 6

present in lost organic molecules; required for aerobic respiration.

Answer 6

O - Oxygen

Question 7

Present in most organic molecules

Answer 7

H - Hydrogen

Question 8

Present in all protein and nucleic acids; present in chlorophyll

Answer 8

N - Nitrogen

Question 9

Present in nucleic acids and energy transfer molecules such as ATP

Answer 9

K - Potassium

Question 10

Present in chlorophyll

Answer 10

Mg - Magnesium

Question 11

component of certain enzymes

Answer 11

Fe - Iron

Question 12

Constituent of cell walls; required for some energy transfer reactions

Answer 12

Ca - Calcium

Question 13

The smallest possible particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element is called: ( indivisible in greek)

Answer 13

Atoms

Question 14

The number of an electron is ______ to the number of protons and neutrons.

Answer 14

equal

Question 15

__ electrons, _____protons,_____ neutrons

Answer 15

all 6

Question 16

a substance containing two or more different elements combined in a fixed ration.

Answer 16

Compounds

Question 17

Hold atoms together

Answer 17

Chemical Bounds

Question 18

Two main types of Bonds

Answer 18

Ionic and Covalent

Question 19

Two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for electrons, and as a result, atoms gain or lose electrons to form this type of bond.

Answer 19

Ionic Bond

Question 20

A charge atom or molecule

Answer 20

Ion

Question 21

a positive charge

Answer 21

Cation

Question 22

a negative charge

Answer 22

anion

Question 23

The sharing of a pair of electron by two atoms; two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds constitute a molecule.

Answer 23

Covalent bond

Question 24

Two types of covalent bond

Answer 24

Polar and non polar

Question 25

atoms have differing electronegativities; sharing the electrons unequally

Answer 25

Polar Covalent Bond

Question 26

atoms have similar electronegativities; sharing the electrons equally

Answer 26

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Question 27

the strongest chemical bonds in organisms are____, which link atoms to form a cell's molecules

Answer 27

Covalent bonds

Question 28

Many large biological molecules are held in their functional form by

Answer 28

weak bonds

Question 29

Two molecules can come together, respond to one another in some way, and then separate, they help to determine and stabilize the shapes of biological molecules. e.g. Ionic bond, hydrogen bond, and van der waals interaction

Answer 29

advantages of weak bonds

Question 30

a non covalent attraction between hydrogen and electronegative atom; can occur in inorganic molecules such as water and in organic molecules like DNA and proteins; important in determining water

Answer 30

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 31

it occurs only when atoms and molecules are very close together; Residual attractive or repulsive forces between molecules or atomic groups that do not arise from a covalent bond, or ionic bonds

Answer 31

Van der Waals interaction

Question 32

Two types of chemical compounds

Answer 32

inorganic and organic

Question 33

they are composed of elements other than carbon

Answer 33

inorganic compounds

Question 34

examples of inorganic compound

Answer 34

Water, acids, bases, and buffers

Question 35

an inorganic compound essential to plants; exist in solid, liquid, or vapor

Answer 35

Water

Question 36

4 emergent properties of water

Answer 36

a. Cohesive behavior b. ability to moderate temperature c. expansion upon freezing d. Versatility as a solvent

Question 37

helps hold together the column of water within the cells, a phenomenon in which hydrogen bonds hold the substance together is called

Answer 37

Cohesion

Question 38

Helps resist the downward pull of gravity, the clinging of one substance to another is called___.

Answer 38

adhesion

Question 39

related to cohesion is ______, a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

Answer 39

surface tension

Question 40

water molecules stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding

Answer 40

Cohesive behavior

Question 41

at sea level, water freezes at __ degree C and boils at ____ degree C

Answer 41

0; 100

Question 42

water is universal or not?

Answer 42

not

Question 43

one of the most important aspects of either environment is how acidic or basic (alkaline) it is, it is remain fairly stable in a plant's cell degree, it dissociate almost completely in water; a proton donor

Answer 43

Acid

Question 44

HCI----->H positive + Cl negative

Answer 44

Acid

Question 45

a compound that dissociates hydroxide ions (OH-) and positive sodium ion.

Answer 45

Base

Question 46

NaOH ------> Na positive + OH negative

Answer 46

Base

Question 47

a substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution; accepting and donating hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and.depleted; ___ solutions can reversibly with hydrogen ions.

Answer 47

Buffers

Question 48

Measures the minimizes changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution.

Answer 48

pH Scale

Question 49

pH scale is important for:

Answer 49

a. photosynthesis b. Disease resistance c. tolerance to environmental stress d. Efficient water use e. overall plant health

Question 50

Contains carbon and hydrogen

Answer 50

organic compound

Question 51

examples of organic compound

Answer 51

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 52

composed of 1C: 2H:1O

Answer 52

Carbohydrates

Question 53

3 kinds of carbohydrates

Answer 53

a. monosaccharides b. Disaccharides c. Polysaccharides

Question 54

also known as simple sugar and fuel molecules of cells, they are the monomer of carbohydrates; glucose and fructose

Answer 54

monosaccharides

Question 55

also known as double sugar; Sucrose

Answer 55

disaccharides

Question 56

also known as complex sugar, and composed of many sugar units.

Answer 56

Polysaccharides

Question 57

2 major function of polysaccharides:

Answer 57

a. building/structural material ( cellulose) b. Main carbohydrate storage/reserves in plants.e.g. starches ( potatoes, corn, rice)

Question 58

Have a greasy or oily consistency and do not readily dissolve/mix in water.

Answer 58

Lipids

Question 59

function in all cells as fuel molecules and as essential components of cell membrane; waterproof covering (cuticle); acts as light-gathering molecules 9 chlorophylls and carotenoids) for photosynthesis

Answer 59

Lipids

Question 60

Lipids include:

Answer 60

a. natural fats and oils b. Phospholipids c. Steroids d. certain pigments e. waxes

Question 61

____is a solid at room temp and __ is liquid at room temp

Answer 61

Fats; oil

Question 62

a group of lipids important a s component of cell membranes

Answer 62

phospholipids

Question 63

is a waxy substances found in outer walls of epidermal cells, from the cuticle that covers the aerial portions of plant leaves and herbaceous stems

Answer 63

Cutin

Question 64

is a waxy substance found in the walls of cork cells ( outer bark of wood)

Answer 64

Suberin

Question 65

___ and____ protects the. plant's aerial surface from excess water loss.

Answer 65

cutin and suberin

Question 66

are macromolecules composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and usually sulfur that serve as structural components of cells and tissues

Answer 66

Proteins

Question 67

a protein that affects the rate of chemical reactions

Answer 67

enzyme

Question 68

proteins composed of hundreds of units called:

Answer 68

amino acids

Question 69

important reasons of amino acids to plants:

Answer 69

a. protein synthesis b. Photosynthesis c. Nutrient transport d. cell wall formation e. regulation of growth and development

Question 70

the transmission of heredity information from one generation to the next

Answer 70

Nucleic acids

Question 71

nucleic acids composed of repeating units called:

Answer 71

nucleotides

Question 72

two types of nucleic acids

Answer 72

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 73

combines the instructions for making all the proteins that an organisms needs; are encoded in genes

Answer 73

Dna or deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 74

functions in the process of protein synthesis and various function during gene expression

Answer 74

Rna or ribonucleic acids

Question 75

types of RNA

Answer 75

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA

Question 76

sequence

Answer 76

cell, nucleus, chromosomes, dna