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Woody Plants > Plant Morphology > Flashcards

Plant Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

alternate leaves

A

leaf placement is on multiple sides and not even with each other

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2
Q

opposite leaves

A

leaf placement is on different sides but leaves are even with each other

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3
Q

whorled leaves

A

leaf placement is neither on specific sides nor are they even with each other

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4
Q

sub-opposite leaves

A

leaf placement is on different sides but not quite even with each other (slightly diagonal)

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5
Q

simple leaf

A

the leaf has only one main leaf (no leaflets)

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6
Q

compound leaf

A

the leaf is more of a leaflet with multiple smaller leaves clumped together to form the larger ‘compound leaf’

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7
Q

pinnate leaf

A

a type of compound leaf with leaves opposite each other

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8
Q

palmate leaf

A

a type of compound leaf with all coming out from the same point

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9
Q

bi-pinnate leaf

A

a type of compound leaf that is virtually made up of a leaflets with smaller leaflets branching off of it

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10
Q

even compound pinnate

A

a compound pinnate leaflet with an even number off leaves

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11
Q

odd compound pinnate

A

a compound pinnate leaflet with an odd number of leaves

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12
Q

rachis

A

the central stalk of a compound leaf

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13
Q

blade

A

the overall leaf shape

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14
Q

apex

A

the tip of a leaf

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15
Q

midrib

A

the vein in the middle of a leaf (main vein)

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16
Q

sinus

A

an indentation in a leaf

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17
Q

lobe

A

an area in a leaf that juts out

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18
Q

venation

A

the veins of a leaf

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19
Q

margin

A

the edge of a leaf

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20
Q

base

A

the bottom of a leaf

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21
Q

petiole

A

the stalk connecting the blade to the plant

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22
Q

stipule

A

any extra appendages on a leaf (ex thorns, smaller leaves, etc)

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23
Q

bud

A

the flowering part of leaf at base/bottom of petiole

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24
Q

acute apex

A

smaller than 90 degrees

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25
Q

acuminate apex

A

tapered (does not quite come to a point)

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26
Q

mucronate apex

A

squares off with the top of the leaf

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27
Q

obtuse apex

A

greater than 90 degrees

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28
Q

entire margins

A

smooth leaf edge with no teeth

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29
Q

crenate margins

A

rounded teeth on leaf edge

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30
Q

sinuate margins

A

irregular curves on leaf edge

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31
Q

dentate margins

A

about 90 degree angle teeth on leaf edge

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32
Q

serrate margins

A

smaller teeth on leaf edge

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33
Q

doubly serrate margins

A

leaf edge with teeth on teeth

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34
Q

glabrous

A

leaf surface without hairs (smooth)

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35
Q

pubescent

A

leaf surface covered with hairs (fuzzy)

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36
Q

glaucous

A

leaf surface covered with fine bluish-white wax (waxy)

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37
Q

terminal bud

A

bud on top of stem

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38
Q

lateral bud

A

buds on sides of stem

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39
Q

bud scales

A

armor for forming buds

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40
Q

leaf scar

A

mark left after leaf falls off

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41
Q

terminal bud scale scar

A

scar left by terminal bud

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42
Q

vascular bundle scars

A

small holes left where leaf fell off from the ducts that moved xylem and phloem into the leaf

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43
Q

lenticels

A

used for gas exchange in plant

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44
Q

pith

A

the center of the stem

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45
Q

node

A

the location of the buds on the stem

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46
Q

internode

A

the space between the nodes (buds)

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47
Q

absent bud

A

there is no tip to the bud (stem just ends)

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48
Q

double terminal bud

A

two separate ‘buds’ that normally still have a tip between them

49
Q

collateral buds

A

multiple buds growing together around the stem

50
Q

cuneate leaf base

A

a type of leaf base that is acute (V shape)

51
Q

oblique leaf base

A

a type of leaf base that is crooked/diagonal

52
Q

obtuse leaf base

A

a type of base that is round

53
Q

truncate leaf base

A

a type of base that is straight

54
Q

cordate leaf base

A

a type of base that juts out

55
Q

ovate leaf base

A

a type of base that is obtuse often with an acute apex (same as obtuse base)

56
Q

solid pith

A

the pith is uniform in structure

57
Q

chambered pith

A

the pith is compartmented

58
Q

hollow pith

A

the pith is hollow

59
Q

definition of tree

A

a plant which can be grown to s single trunk and is over 20 feet tall

60
Q

definition of shrub

A

a plant that usually has more than one stem at ground level and is not taller than 20 feet.

61
Q

definition of vine

A

trailing or climbing plants that require some upright support

62
Q

definition of groundcover

A

prostrate or spreading plants that remain close to the ground

63
Q

sepal

A

the leaves under the petals of a flower

64
Q

bract

A

the first covering of a flower bud

65
Q

indeterminant

A

continually grows and usually flowers from the bottom to the top

66
Q

determinant

A

the growth stops, the plant flowers from top down

67
Q

incomplete

A

missing floral parts

68
Q

complete

A

has all floral parts

69
Q

perfect

A

has stamens and pistil

70
Q

imperfect

A

missing sexual parts (stamen or pistil)

71
Q

dioecious

A

male and female flowers are on different plants

72
Q

monoecious

A

male and female flowers are on same plant

73
Q

polygamo-dioecious

A

perfect flowers AND one sex flowers

74
Q

inflorescence

A

flower

75
Q

spike

A

flower that comes directly off stem-no pedicel

76
Q

raceme

A

flowers have pedicel (stalk attaching flower to plant)

77
Q

coryumb

A

Outer pedicels are longer than top

78
Q

panicle

A

has multiple recemes (pinnate)-branches off from central stalk

79
Q

root needs

A

water, oxygen, space, and nutrients

80
Q

opportunistic roots

A

grow wherever there is an opportunity to

81
Q

xylem

A

carries water and nutrients from the roots (goes up)-located in center of tree

82
Q

phloem

A

carries sugar and water to the roots (goes down)-located within bark

83
Q

cambium

A

the meristem where the plant grows from (makes new xylem and phloem)-it is located right under the bark

84
Q

Climax Trees

A

Store the majority of their energy, use only a little for growth and a little more for defense ex: Sugar Maple, Hickory, Beech…

85
Q

Pioneer Trees

A

Use majority of energy for growth and very little for storage or defense (grow faster than the disease to outrun it-die from lack of energy instead) ex: Red Maple, Norway Maple, Ash (or intermediate), Honeylocust, Sweetgum, Walnut, Tuliptree, Silver Maple…

86
Q

atropunicea

A

purple leaved plant

87
Q

pendula

A

weeping/drooping leaves

88
Q

fastigiata

A

grows straight up

89
Q

young v old

A

the difference is the age of the branches/plants

90
Q

juvenile v mature

A

the difference is whether they can reproduce or not

91
Q

Cone of Juvenility

A

trees produce seeds on the youngest mature branches (at the very tips) but do not produce seeds on the branches right by the trunk (not yet mature) creating a cone of juvenility by the center. These juvenile branches keep their leaves when the rest of the tree drops them.

92
Q

products of shade trees

A

shade, cooling (transpiration), erosion control, habitat for other plants and animals, aesthetics, organic matter, carbon sequestration

93
Q

Intermediate trees

A

halfway between pioneer and climax, they store some energy and use some energy ex: Ash, Lindens

94
Q

Succession Steps

A
  1. annual grasses 2. perennial grasses 3. goldenrod 4. shrubs 5. pioneer trees 6. intermediate trees 7. climax trees
95
Q

Succession Rules

A
  1. trees must start with pioneers or will not survive
  2. plants change the environment around them (usually to their detriment-each stage kills itself by making conditions perfect for the next stage to take over
  3. climax forests have a stable biomass (pioneers and intermediate forests keep adding to the biomass)
96
Q

Gymnosperms

A

(Coniferales Taxales and Ginkgoales) have naked seeds

97
Q

alternate bearing

A

plants that bear fruits in alternate years (apple)

98
Q

Cileate margins

A

Margins have hairs

99
Q

Perfoliate

A

Leaves joined around stem

100
Q

Calyx

A

Area consisting of the sepals

101
Q

Corolla

A

The petals of a flower as a group

102
Q

Lanceolate

A

Shaped like a lance: tapered with a sharp tip

103
Q

Syncarp

A

An fleshy aggregate fruit (ex: blackberry, pineapple)

104
Q

Peduncle

A

Stalk of inflorescence or of a solitary flower

105
Q

Layering

A

Process by which a branch that touches the ground takes root and forms a new plant, detaching itself from the parent plant

106
Q

Revolute margins

A

Margins are somewhat rolled under the leaf

107
Q

Cyme

A

A usually flat-topped or convex flower cluster in which the main axis and each branch end in a flower opens before the flower below or to the side of it

108
Q

Anemophilous

A

Pollinated by wind-dispersed pollen

109
Q

Umbel

A

A flat-topped or round flower cluster in which the flower stems all arise from about the same point, characteristic of members of the parsley family

110
Q

Nectary

A

A nectar-secreting flower either within a flower or on a leaf or other plant structure

111
Q

Superior ovary (hypogynous)

A

The ovary is above the perianth

112
Q

Half-inferior ovary (perigynous)

A

The ovary is about half above the perianth, half inserted into the stalk of the flower

113
Q

Inferior ovary (epigynous)

A

The ovary is fully below the perianth

114
Q

Perianth

A

Area of a flower consisting of the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals)

115
Q

Actinomorphic

A

Radially symmetrical

116
Q

Zygomorphic

A

Bilaterally symmetrical

117
Q

Reticulate Venation

A

The veins form a network off of the prominent vein (midrib)

-can be pinnately or palmately reticulate

118
Q

Parallel Venation

A

All of the veins run parallel to each other

-can be pinnately or palmately parallel

119
Q

Emarginate

A

A leaf blade with a shallow notch at the apex

Woody Plants (7 decks)

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