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Biology > Plant Kingdom > Flashcards

Plant Kingdom Flashcards

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0
Q

Sexual reproduction of the plant contains 2 alternating processes. What are they and what do they do?

A
  1. Meiosis: the chromosome number is reduced from the diploid to the haploid number
  2. Fertilization: the nuclei of the 2 gametes fuse which increases the number of chromosomes from haploid to diploid
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1
Q

What are 4 basic characteristics of the plant?

A
  1. Plants are multicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotes
  2. Has cell walls made of cellulose which stores food in form of starch
  3. Have chloroplasts and chlorophyll
  4. Most plants are terrestrial (but the are some exceptions)
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2
Q

What is gametophyte generation?

A

A spore (haploid) goes through sexual reproduction to produce a zygote (diploid) which begins the sporophyte generation.

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3
Q

What is the sporophyte generation?

A

A zygote (diploid) will go under meiosis to form spores (haploid) starting the gametophyte generation.

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4
Q

What did aquatic plants evolve from?

A

Single-celled aquatic algae

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The evolution of plant occurred in ________ stages.

A

Several

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6
Q

What did terrestrial plants evolve from?

A

Aquatic plants

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7
Q

What 4 problems occurred by aquatic plants living in terrestrial habitats?

A
  1. Obtaining water and nutrients from the soil
  2. Holding the plant up against gravity
  3. Loss of water to the air around the plant
  4. Reproduction without swimming sperm
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8
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A specialized reproductive cell that unites with either a male and a female (sperm or egg) to produce a zygote

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9
Q

What is a division (plant phylum) of non-vascular plants? What are some examples on non-vascular plants?

A

Bryophyte which include mosses, liverworts, hortworts

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10
Q

What do bryophytes (eg. mosses) lack that cause the plants to be low growing and live in moist environments?

A

Bryophytes have no systems therefore lack roots, stem, and leaves to transport water or nutrients. That is why the live in moist environments and are low growing

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11
Q

Bryophytes (eg. mosses) reproduces asexually by __________ ___________ or sexually by swimming sperm (alternation generation)

A

Vegetative Propagation (reproduction). Which means a small segment of the the plant breaks off and creates an identical plant asexually

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12
Q

What is the moss life cycle?

A
  1. Gametophyte (haploid) is the visible green moss plant
  2. In the female gametophyte, the archegonium produces haploid egg cells by mitosis
  3. In the male gametophyte, the antheridium produces haploid sperm by mitosis
  4. Sperm swim to egg in archegonium which results in a zygote. (Diploid sporophyte generation begins)
  5. Sporophyte grows a long stalk and capsule out of the top of the gametophyte
  6. Meiosis within the capsule produces haploid spores to continue life cycle
  7. The spores grow by meiosis into female and male gametophytes
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13
Q

What are peat bogs?

A

A poorly drained low-lying ground where water sits n collects. Decomposing plant matter (made of moss and are highly acidic) reduces oxygen in the water which slows the decay of plant materials

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14
Q

What is soil amendment?

A

The most common use for peat to slow down drainage of fast draining soil as peat is very efficient at retaining water. This allows plants to draw nourishment from the soil through its roots and will also make the soil more rich and usable overtime (peat doesn’t actually add nutrients though)

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15
Q

What is a division (plant phylum) of vascular plants? What are some examples?

A

Tracheophyte. Some examples are club mosses, horsetails, and ferns

16
Q

What kind of system do tracheophytes have to transport nutrients and water throughout the plant?

A

The system of the xylem and phloem.

17
Q

What does having a xylem and phloem system allow a plant to do?

A

Transport water and nutrients throughout the plant which allows the plant to grow taller and live further away from water.

18
Q

Where do club mosses and horsetails grow? Where do ferns live? What do all three plants have in common?

A
  1. On marshes and stream edges.
  2. In shady moist environments.
  3. They are all spore producing plants
19
Q

Spores are produced in sporangia on the underside of fern’s leaves which are called ______?

A

Fronds

20
Q

Explain the fern life cycle?

A
  1. The adult fern is a diploid sporophyte generation
  2. Clusters of sporangium (sorus/sori) form on the underside of fronds
  3. Meiosis in sporangia produces haploid spores
  4. Spores will grow to develop into a haploid gametophyte generation (tiny heart-shaped structure
  5. On the gametophyte, the male antheridium produces haploid sperm and the female archegonium produces haploid eggs.
  6. Sperm swims to egg to fertilize, mitosis produces diploid embryo
  7. Embryo continues to grow to become a mature sporophyte generation
21
Q

What are 5 characteristics of seed-producing plants?

A
  1. Very diverse
  2. Highly specialized leaves, roots, stem
  3. Seeds produced in cones of flowers
  4. Water is not required for reproductive cycle (seeds can survive in dry environments)
    Sexual reproduction via pollination
22
Q

What are gymnosperms and what are some examples of the plant?

A

Gymnosperms are seed producing vascular plants that have cones that produce pollen and ouvles (eggs)

23
Q

Explain the life cycle of a gymnosperm.

A
  1. Mature tree is diploid sporophyte
  2. Microspore mother cells in male cone undergo meiosis to produce sperm cells inside pollen grains
  3. Megaspore mother cells in female cone undergo meiosis to produce haploid egg cells
  4. Pollen is carried my wind to female cones to fertilize eggs
  5. Diploid embryo develops/grows inside each seed
  6. Seed grows and matures to become diploid sporophyte generation
24
Q

What are angiosperms and what has made them such successful plants (as they many common plants)?

A

Angiosperms are seed producing vascular plants that contain their seeds inside their fruit and they flower. These plants have co-evolved with insects to improve pollination.

25
Q

Explain the life cycle of an angiosperm.

A
  1. Mature plant with flowers is a diploid sporophyte generation
  2. Microspore cells in the male anther undergoes meiosis during gametophyte generation to produce haploid sperm cells within pollen grains
  3. Megaspore cells in the female ouvles of the female ovary undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells
  4. Sperm cell will fertilize an egg cell to produce a zygote
  5. Embryo will be enclosed in a seed that will grow to become a mature sporophyte plant
26
Q

What is self pollination?

A

Self pollination is plant that can use it’s own pollen for fertilization but creates less variation in offspring

27
Q

What is cross-pollination?

A

Cross-pollination is when an insect or the wind carries pollen from one plant to a different plant of the same species to fertilize. This will create more variation in off spring.

28
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

A pollen grain has 2 nuclei which goes through the style (stem) into the ovary where the pollen nuclei divides into 2 sperm cells. 1 sperm cell fertilizes the egg to form a diploid zygote and the other sperm cell fuses with 2 female polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) cell that becomes an endospore (food supply for zygote/embryo). The ovary will develop into a fruit which encloses seeds.

29
Q

What is the definition of germinate?

A

Germinate means to grow or develop into a plant, from a seed or spore, etc.

30
Q

What are 8 seed dispersal methods?

A
  1. Water
  2. Hooks onto fur
  3. Sticky on fur
  4. Eaten in fruit then deposited
  5. Bursting fruit
  6. Shaker fruit
  7. Drop and roll fruit
  8. Wind
31
Q

How are angiosperms classified?

A

Monocots (such as grasses and palms) and dicots (such as trees and other common plants)

32
Q

What are the characteristics of an angiosperm monocot?

A
  1. Leaves that have parallel veins
  2. Embryo has one cotyledon
  3. Vascular tissue in stem is scattered
  4. Root system is fibrous
33
Q

What are the characteristics of an angiosperm dicot?

A
  1. Leaves exhibit net like veins
  2. Embryo has 2 cotyledons
  3. Vascular tissues in stems arranged in a ring
  4. Has one main taproot
34
Q

Land plants arose from aquatic ancestors and became adapted to land. What did true aquatic plant arise from?

A

Land plants

35
Q

True or false: All plants are multicellular

A

True

36
Q

Do all plants exhibit alteration generation?

A

Yes but it varies in which generation is more dominant

Biology (4 decks)

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