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Animal Kingdom Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What’s the definition of sessile?

A

Fixed in one place

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1
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of animals?

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Heterotrophic
  3. (Typically) reproduce sexually
  4. Made of cells that have no cell wall
  5. Capable of movement
  6. Have abilities to quickly respond to external stimuli
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2
Q

What is the definition of motile?

A

Able to move from place to place

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3
Q

What are the 3 embryo germ layers? Explain.

A
  1. Ectoderm (outer): becomes skin and nervous system
  2. Mesoderm (middle): becomes circulatory, reproductive, excretory, and muscular system
  3. Endoderm (inner): becomes lining of the gut and coelom
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of symmetry? Explain.

A

Asymmetrical: irregular shape
Radial symmetry: organisms that can b cut like a pie into roughly identical pieces. No left or right side
Bilateral symmetry: can only divide organism in halves to create rough mirror image (external only)

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5
Q

What is a coelom (see-lome)?

A

A fluid filled cavity between the gut (alimentary canal) and the body wall which contains and protects the internal organs.

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6
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The peritoneum lines the coelom and holds organs in place.

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7
Q

An animal can be one of 3 coelomates, name them.

A

Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate

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8
Q

What is an acoelomate?

A

An animal with no coelomic cavity that exists.

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9
Q

What is a pseudocoelomate?

A

An animal where the coelom exists but is only lined by the mesoderm on the body. Not around the gut.

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10
Q

What is a coelomate (“true” coelom)?

A

The coelom is lined on the inside of the body wall and around the gut of the mesoderm. Animals with coelomate also have mesenteries, which supports body organs in coelom.

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11
Q

What is the definition of invertebrates?

A

No backbone (fun fact: 95% of animals are invertebrates)

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12
Q

What is the definition of a vertebrate?

A

Has a hotochord (rod of connective tissue) the usually develops into a backbone.

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13
Q

What is ectotherm?

A

An animal that obtains heat from the environment (eg. the sun) to warm itself

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14
Q

What is endotherm?

A

An animal that produces most of its own heat metabolically

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15
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

Nutrients and waste is moved through the body by a fluid that carries through the body cavity. (Instead of being carried by veins) the fluid spends a short amount of time in the hear and is directly send to the body cavity.

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16
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood is circulated through a series of vessels (arteries, capillaires, veins) in the body and carries oxygen etc.

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17
Q

What is two way digestion?

A

Two way digestion or incomplete digestion is when there is only one opening, the mouth, which intakes food. The food is digested and absorbed for nutrients and pushed back through the mouth.

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18
Q

What is one way digestion?

A

One way digestion to complete digestion has two openings, the mouth and the anus. The mouth intakes food, which is digested and absorbs in many stages of the organ systems and undigested materials passes through the anus.

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19
Q

Which types of digestion is most efficient? One way or two way?

A

One way digestion or complete digestion is more efficient as animals do not have to finish absorbing one meal before intaking the next (or eat at any stage of digestion) thus the animal can eat at any time.

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20
Q

What is a (simple) nerve net?

A

A type of simple nervous system the consists of interconnected neutrons lacking a brain or form of cephalization.

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21
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A ganglion is a group of nerve bodies clustered in a uniform mass. Ganglia moves nerves to or from specific sites on the body.

22
Q

What is cephalization?

A

Cephalization is a concentration of nerves and a sense of organs in the head (eg. brain)

23
Q

Describe the phylum Porifera (1points):

A

Porifera (eg. sponges) are:

-Has a bag like body

24
Q

What traits have evolved from Porifera to Cnidaria (4points)?

A

Cnidaria (eg. jellyfish, hydra, coral):

  • Is radial
  • has 2 layers of cells w/ internal cavity and tentacles,
  • Reproduces asexually (sessile polyps) or sexual (floating medusa)
  • Has simple nerve net
25
Q

What traits have evolved from Cnidaria to Platyhelminthes (3points)?

A

Platyhelminthes (eg. flatworms):

  • Bilateral, flat tubular body
  • 3 layers of cells with organs,
  • Has a simple branching ganglia, may have simple brain like concentration w/ eye spots
26
Q

What traits have evolved from Platyhelminthes to Nemotoda (2points)?

A

Nemotoda (eg. roundworms)

  • Pseudocoelomate
  • Digest by one way path (mouth-gut-anus)
27
Q

What traits have evolved from Nemotoda to Annelida (3points)?

A

Annelida (eg. segmented worms, earthworms, ragworms)

  • Bilateral, Segmented tubular body
  • Organs Coelomate
  • Has a closed circulatory system, 5 “hearts”
28
Q

What traits have evolved from Annelida to Mollusca (4points)?

A

Mollusca (has various classes)

  • Gills for gas exchange
  • Some have well developed eyes, sense organs, brain
29
Q

What traits have evolved from Molusca to Echinodermata (1points)?

A

Echinodermata (eg. sea star, urchin):

-Water vascular system (tubes w/ tube feet) distributes gases & food and for feeding

30
Q

What traits have evolved from Echinodermata to Arthropoda (2points)?

A

Arthropoda (has various classes):

  • Exoskeleton of chitin, jointed legs, 2-3 body segments
  • Has cephalization, brain, 3 pairs of ganglia, ventral nerve chord
31
Q

What traits have evolved from Arthropoda to Chordate (3points)?

A

Chordates (has various classes)

  • Ventral chambered heart, tail, internal skeleton
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Brain & notochord (fully developed spinal chord in some)
32
Q

Name the four classes of Athropoda:

A

Arachnida
Crustacea
Insecta
Diplopoda/Chilopoda

33
Q

What are the 7 classes of Chordates?

A 
Agnatha (Jawless Fish)
Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fish)
Ostreichthyes (Bony Fish)
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves (Birds)
Mammalia
34
Q

What are the subclasses of Mammalia?

A

Monotremes
Marsupials
Placentals

35
Q

What are the three classes of Mollusca?

A

Bivalvia
Gastropoda
Cephopoda

36
Q

What are the characteristics of Monotremes (Mammalia)?

A

Monotremes (eg. platypus,anteater): lay eggs and young are nourished by milk produced by mammary glands

37
Q

What are the characteristics of Marsupials (Mammalia)?

A

Marsupials (eg. kangaroo,koala): gives birth to highly under developed young that climbs into the mothers pouch to complete development. Short gestation is due to yolk like placenta.

38
Q

What are the characteristics of Placentals (Mammalia)

A

Placentals (eg. mice to whales): all bear live young which are nourished in mothers uterus by placenta(allows blood supply). The true placenta allows for longer development period and protection in mothers womb. Higher chance of survival.

39
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Arachnida?

A

Arachnida (eg. scorpions, spiders) is an Arthropoda, uses spiracles & trachea tubes that lead to book lungs for gas exchange.

40
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Crustacea?

A

Crustacea (eg. crab, lobster) are Arthropoda and have 3 segments. The head, thorax & abdomen.

41
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Insecta?

A

Insecta (eg. bees, ants, etc) are Arthropoda. They have 2 or 4 wings and have no lungs.

They breath passively through spiracles, special openings in the side of the body which leads to the trachea then to the sacs. Diffusion occurs in the trachea and sacs.

42
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Diplopoda/Chilopoda?

A

Diplopoda/Chilopoda (millipedes, centipedes) are Arthropoda.

43
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Bivalvia?

A

Bivalvia (eg. mussels, oysters) are Mollusca. They use their gills for gas exchange and to filter feed or scrap detritus w/ radula.

44
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Gastropoda?

A

Gastropoda (eg. snails, conch) are Mollusca. It has a head with paired eyes (cephalization) and antennae.

45
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Cephlopoda?

A

Cephalopoda (eg. squids, octopus) are Mollusca. It has a more complex brain, eyes (cephalization).

46
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Agnatha?

A

Agatha (jawless fish) are Chordates.

47
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Chondrichthyes?

A

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) are Chordates.

  • have exoskeletons of cartilage and have 2 sets of fins.
  • They reproduce by internal fertilization, and are ovoviviparous (the eggs are kept inside of the female until birth)
  • has a 2 chambered heart
  • has a large brain, keen sense of smell and eyesight, lateral line.
48
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Osteichthyes?

A

Osteichthyes (bony fish-most fish) are Chordates. They has a skeleton made of bones, scales and paired or lobed fins.

  • has a 2 chambered heart
  • has a highly specialized mouths equipped with protrusible jaws.
  • has a swim bladder to control depth
49
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Amphibian?

A

Amphibians are Chordates.

  • They have 4 limbs limited “running” on land.
  • They can fertilize internally or externally.
  • have gills at larval stage, lungs as adult
  • many are cutaneous (skin absorbs oxygen)
  • 3 chambered heart with 2 atria, 1 ventricle
50
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Reptilia?

A

Reptilia are Chordates.

  • primary tetrapods (4 legs designed to run faster)
  • Amniote egg with protective shell
  • once development has completed, young are born w/ little parental care after birth
  • 3 chambered heart
51
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Aves?

A

Aves (birds) are Chordates.

  • have strong hollow skeleton, presence of furcula (wishbone)
  • large yolked, hard shelled eggs
  • provide extensive car for young
  • are warm blooded (endothermic)
  • 4 chambered heart
  • 2 chambered stomach (proventriculus and gizzard)
  • has horny beak and no teeth
  • extraordinary communication and sound production
52
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Mammalia?

A

Mammalia are Chordates.

  • have middle ear bones, mammary glands, specialized teeth
  • generally polygamous or promiscuous due to high costs of females endure from reproduction.
  • fully developed digestive tract
  • have olfaction hearing, tactile perception and vision
  • well developed communication

Biology (4 decks)

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