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Biology > Mitosis And Meosis > Flashcards

Mitosis And Meosis Flashcards

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0
Q

What kind of cells undergo mitosis?

A

Only somatic cells undergo mitosis

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1
Q

What occurs during mitosis? What is the purpose?

A

A parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells which helps the development and maintenance

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2
Q

What happens during early prophase in mitosis?

A
  1. Proteins condense
  2. Centromeres head toward opposite ends and form spindle fibres
  3. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrates
  4. Chromosomes pair up with identical attached to centromere
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3
Q

What happens in late prophase in mitosis?

A
  1. Chromosomes are clearly visible

2. Sister chromatids attaches to each pole by spindle fibres

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4
Q

What is genetic continuity?

A

The transmission of genetic material through cell division

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5
Q

What happens during metaphase in mitosis?

A
  1. The chromosomes are visible
  2. The chromosome line up along the equator of the cell
  3. It is the longest phase of mitosis
  4. The centrosomes reach opposite angles of the cell
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6
Q

What happens during anaphase in mitosis?

A
  1. The chromatids break away from the centromeres
  2. Spindle fibres pull the chromatids to opposite ends of the cell
    * there are identical halves of chromosomes of each end
  3. The cell elongates
  4. It is the shortest phase of mitosis
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7
Q

What happens during telophase in mitosis?

A
  1. The spindle fibres disappear
  2. (In animal cells) cell begins to pinch in half
  3. Chromosomes are less condensed appearing as sister chromatid
  4. Nuclear envelope reforms
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8
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in mitosis?

A
  1. Starts before telophase ends
  2. Is the second stage of mitosis
  3. Results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells, divides the cytoplasm and the organelles as well
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9
Q

What happens in animal cytokinesis?

A

The cell pinches in half dividing the chromosomes, organelles and cytoplasm creating 2 daughter cells

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10
Q

What happens during plant cytokinesis?

A

The Golgi bodies in the cell create vesicles that line up and create a cell plate which eventually creates the cell wall that divides the 2 daughter cells

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11
Q

What are the 2 main stages of the the cell cycle?

A

Cell division-which includes mitosis and cytokinesis

Interphase-2 growing stages and DNA replication

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12
Q

What happens during GAP 1 in mitosis?

A

It is the main growth stage and the cell spend a major part of their life there

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13
Q

What happens during GAP2?

A

The cell prepares for cell division, organelles replicate, microtubials (pre spindle fibres) are created

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14
Q

Human somatic cells have __ chromosomes or __ pairs of homologous cells.

A

Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of homologous cells. (One maternal, one paternal in each homologous pair)

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15
Q

Genes for the same trait are not identical. The different forms the same trait are called ________.

A

Alleles

16
Q

Where does meiosis happen? Why must it occur?

A

In the reproductive cells of animals. For gamete production and the continuation of the species.

17
Q

2 gametes together fertilize to become a diploid zygote. What is the zygote capable of?

A

The zygote is now capable for mitosis or differentiation

18
Q

What happens during prophase 1 in meiosis?

A
  1. Chromosomes condense forming tetrads (96 chromosomes)

2. The crossing over of genes occur

19
Q

What happens during metaphase 1 in meiosis?

A
  1. Microtubuals move homologous chromosomes to the equator

2. Independent orientation/assortment occurs

20
Q

What happens during anaphase 1 in meiosis?

A
  1. Microtubuals separate the homologous chromosomes (sister chromatids remain together)
21
Q

What happens during telophase 1 and cytokinesis in meiosis?

A

2 daughter cells result

22
Q

What happens between the the 2 meiosis stages?

A

Interkinesis

23
Q

What happens during prophase 2 in meiosis?

A
  1. It is a very brief stage

2. Spindle fibres form

24
Q

What happens during metaphase 2 in meiosis?

A

Sister chromatids are lined up by the Microtubuals at the equator

25
Q

What happens during anaphase 2 in meiosis?

A
  1. Microtubials separate the sister chromatid
26
Q

What happens during telophase 2 in meiosis?

A
  1. Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane reforms

2. 4 haploid cells result

27
Q

What causes gene variability?

A

In meiosis:

  1. Crossing over of chiasma in prophase 1
  2. Independent assortment/orientation in metaphase 1
  3. Random assortment in anaphase 1
28
Q

In meiosis, what is crossing over?

A

Chiasma swaps places with the same trait with another chromosome

29
Q

Mistakes in meiosis: genetic disorders can be traced back to meiosis. Incorrect information can be exchanged when there __________ or __________ of certain genes.

A

Duplication or depletion of certain genes.

30
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

The incorrect # of chromosomes which can result in an abnormal # of chromosomes in eggs or sperm

31
Q

What is monosomy?

A

The offspring of the gamete will be missing chromosomes. Will have one particular chromosome

32
Q

What is polysomy?

A

The zygote results with extra chromosomes. Will have 3 copies of particular chromosomes

33
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

The zygote results with 3n (triploid). (Very rare of survival in animals)

34
Q

What is sperm produced by and where?

A

Sperm is produced by the spermatogonia in the testes.

35
Q

What is egg produced by and where?

A

Eggs are produced by the oogonia in the ovaries

36
Q

What becomes sperm cells

A

Spermatids

37
Q

What happens to the division of cytoplasm in meiosis 2?

A

There is unequal sharing of the cytoplasm for the offspring to have enough nutrients to develop. There is only 1 functioning egg but 4 functioning sperms after the end of meiosis

38
Q

What is the name of the female and male diploid cell before meiosis?

A

An oocyte and spermatocyte

Biology (4 decks)

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