PLANT KINGDOM Flashcards
Plants with true vascular tissue are ?
Vascular plants
A plant that lacks a well developed system of tubes for transporting water and other minerals
Nonvascular plant
A fertilized egg produced by the joining of a sperm and egg
Zygote
A waxy water proof layer that covers the leaves of most plants
Cuticle
A system of tubelike structures inside a plant through which water , food and minerals move
Vascular tissue
A stage in which the plant produces spores, tiny cells that can grow into new organisms
Sporophyte
A stage in which the plant produces two kinds of sex cells : sperm cells and egg cells
Gametophyte
Which characteristics do plants share?
They are autotrophs and eukaryotes
T or F?
Plants make their own food in the process of photosynthesis
TRUE
What are plant cells enclosed with
Cell wall
T OR F: only some plants are multicellular
FALSE
What are 5 things that plants must do to survive on land?
1- obtain water and other nutrients
2- retain water
3- transport materials
4- support their bodies
5- reproduce
Where do plants living on land get water and nutrients from?
Soil
Why can a plant on land lose water and dry out?
If there is more water in plant cells then in the air, the water will leave the plant and enter the air
What adaptation do land plants have to keep them from drying out?
Cuticle
How do some plants move water minerals and food? What are the tubelike structures called?
Vascular tissue
Tor F? Some land plants are supported by vascular tissue
TRUE
What occurs during fertilization?
The joint of a sperm cell and an egg cell
The name of a fertilized egg is a
Zygote
T OR F? Nonvascular plants grow very tall
FALSE
What do biologists study to learn which organisms were the ancestors of today’s plants?
Fossils
Why do biologists think that ancient green algae were the ancestors of today’s plants?
Becuase biologists studied chlorophyll found in the chloroplasts of plants , algae and some bacteria. Land plants and green algae contain the same forms of chlorophyll.
In which stage do plants produce spores
Sporophyte
What stage do do plants produce sex cells?
Gametophyte
True or false? The sprophyte of a plants looks the same as a gametophyte?
FALSE
What two kinds of sex cells that are gametophyte produce?
Sperm and egg
What characteristics do all plant cells share?
They are autotrophs ( make their own food) and they are eukaryotic ( made up of many cells) they also all have cell walls
What do all plants need to live successfully?
The must obtain water and nutrients, retain water , transport materials, support and reproduce
What are some types of Nonvascular plants?
Mosses, liverwort and hornworts
What are two characteristics of Nonvascular plants?
1-Low growing
2- Live in moist areas
True or false? Nonvascular plants become very tall becuase of their support system?
FALSE : Nonvascular plants are low growing
How do Nonvascular plants get water?
By absorbing water directly from their environment
T or F? Nonvascular plants must have water to let the sperm cells swim to the egg cell?
TRUE
Thin rodlike structures that anchor moss and absorb water and. Nutrients from the soil are called
Rhizoids
Describe the sporophyte generation of moss
- it grows out of the gametophyte
- it consists of a slender stalk with a capsule at the end
- the capsule contains spores
Where are liverworts often found growing?
As a thick crust on moist rocks or soil along the sides of a stream
T or F? There are more species of hornworts than liverworts?
FALSE
What are two characteristics that ferns , club mosses and horsetails share?
1- they have vascular tissue
2- do not produce seeds, they produce spores to reproduce
Why must ferns , club mosses and horsetails grow I. Moist environments?
Because the plants release spores into their surroundings where they grow into gametophytes and there must be enough water for fertilization
True or false? Ferns are small and can only grow low to the ground?
FALSE
What are fern leaves called!?
Fronds
What is the function of the cuticle on the upper surface of fern layers?
It helps the plant retain water
How are club mosses and horsetails similar to ferns?
- they have true stems, roots and leaves
- they are seedless vascular plants
- they have a similar life cycle
Do mosses liveerworts or hornworts contain vascular tissue?
NO
What is the height and size of mosses , liverworts and hornworts?
They are low growing and small in size
What three groups of plants are seedless vascular plants?
Ferns, horsetails and club mosses
How do vascular seedless plants reproduce?
They use spores to reproduce
The structures that anchor a moss and absorb water and nutrients from the soil are called?
Rhizodes
A frond is a leaf of a ?
Fern
In seed plants, the plants you see are in what stage?
Sporophyte stage
What stage is microscopic ?
Gametophyte
In what 2 ways does vascular tissue help seed plants live on land?
1- helps support the plant
2- transports materials: food, water through the plant
What is the vascular tissue through which food moves?
Phloem
Which vascular tissue does water move through?
Xylem
Where is a plants food made?
Leaves
Water and nutrients are absorbed by what plant part?
Roots ( then they travel to the stems and leaves)
What is a structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering?
A seed
T or F? Pollen delivers sperm cells directly near the eggs?
True
What is the function of the embryo?
Young plant that develops from the fertilized egg
What is the cotyledon ?
A seed leaf that sometimes stores food
What is the function of the seed coat?
It keeps the seed from drying out
What do seeds need to develop into a plant?
Water, food and light. If the seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow
True or false,? Seeds will begin to grow anywhere they land?
False. ( the conditions need to be favorable)
What are 4 ways seeds disperse?
- animals
- water
- wind
- shooting out of plants
What does the term germination mean?
The sprouting of the embryo out of the seed. Germination occurs when the embryo begins to grow again and pushes out the seed
What the three functions of roots?
- anchor the plant in the ground
- absorb water and nutrient
- sometimes store food
What are two types of foot systems?
- fibrous
- taproot
What is the function of the phloem
Moves food to the roots and other parts of the plant
What do the root hairs do?
Increase the amount of water and minerals absorbed by the root
What is the function of the root cap?
It protects the root from injury during growth
What moves water and minerals to the stems and leaves
Xylem
What is the cell layer that produces new phloem and xylem?
Cambium
What are 3 functions of stems
- carry substances between the roots and leaves
- provides support to the plants
- some store food
T or F? Herbaceous stems are hard and have an outer layer called bark
FALSE
What are layers of inactive xylem but provide support to woody stems?
Heartwood
What is tissue that makes up a trees annual rings
Xylem
T or f? One years growth of a tree is represented by one pair of light and dark rings in the trees stem?
TRUE
What roles do leaves play in a plant?
- they capture the suns energy
- they carry out the food making process of photosynthesis
What is the waxy waterproof coating that covers a leaf’s surface?
Cuticle
What carries food
Phloem
What carries water?
Xylem
What are tiny pores that open and close to let carbon dioxide in?
Stomata
What leaf cells contain the most chloroplasts?
Upper leaf cells
What are the widely spaced cells that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to pass in and out of the leaf?
Lower leaf cells?
Are upper leaf cells tightly packed to trap the energy in sunlight?
Yessss
What is the process by which water evaporates from a leaves plants?
Transpiration
Do stomata close to keep plants from losing water?
Yes true
What characteristics do all seed plants share?
- they have vascular tissue
- use pollen and seeds to reproduce
- they all have stems, roots and leaves
What are the three main parts of a seed?
Embryo, seed coat and stored food
What is a seed plant that produces naked seed?
Gymnosperm
Do gymnosperms have seeds that are not enclosed by a fruit?
Yes it is true
Are gymnosperms the oldest type of a seed plant?
Yes
Only one species of this gymnosperm exists today
Ginkgoes
What are the largest group of gymnosperms?
Conifers
What gynosperm lives in hot deserts and tropical rain forests?
Gnetophytes
What gymnosperm grow in tropical and subtropical areas?
Cycads
What keeps their needles year round?
Conifers
What look like palm trees with giant cones?
Cycads
What type are often planted along city streets becuase the tolerate air pollution?
Ginkgoes
Most gymnosperms have reproductive structures called?
Cones
Do male cones contain ovules at the base of each scale?
No false
What is a structure that contains n egg cell?
Ovule
What happens during pollination?
Pollen from a male reproductive structure transfers to a female reproductive structure
A plant that produces seeds that are enclosed in fruit is called?
Angiosperm
What are two characteristics of angiosperms?
- produce flowers
- produce seeds enclosed in fruits
When a flower is pollinated a grain of pollen falls on the
Flowers stigma
In what part of the flower do the sperm and egg cells join?
Ovule
T or f? All angiosperms rely on wind for pollination?
False
How do animals pollinate flowers?
- it enters the flower to obtain nectar
- it brushes against the anthers and becomes coated with pollen
- some of the pollen can drop onto the stigma as the animal leaves it as they enter the next flower
What two things do conifers provide?
Paper
Turpentine
Are angiosperms an important source of good for other organisms?
Yes true
The seeds of gymnosperms are referred to as naked because they are not enclosed by a ?
Fruit
2 characteristics of angiosperms are?
- they produce flowers
- produce seeds enclosed in fruits
What do male cones and male parts of a flower produce?
Pollen
Describe the process of of embryo formation?
1- pollen falls on stigma
2- the sperm and egg cells join in the ovule
3- the zygote develops into the embryo or the seed
What do female comes and female parts of a flower produce?
Eggs
The reproductive structure of a gymnosperm is called a
Cone
What is the process of transferring pollen from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure?
Pollination
In angiosperms a ripened ovary is called a
Fruit
Angisperms that produce seeds with two seed leaves are called
Dicots
What are four effects of plant hormones?
Tropisms, touch, light and gravity
What is a topism
A plants growth response toward or away from a stimulus
What are theee stimuli to which plants respond?
- touch
- light
- gravity
A chemical that affects how a plant grows and develops is called a
Hormone
What do plant hormones control?
-germination
- formation of flowers
- stems
- leaves and shedding leaves
- developing and ripening of fruit
What is a plant hormone that controls the rate at which a plants cells grow?
auxin
How does auxin control a plants response to light?
- when light shines on one side of a plants stem, auxin builds up in the shaded side of the stem
The cells on the shaded side begin to grow faster . Eventually the cells on the stems shaded side are longer than those on its sunny side.
What determines the time of flowering in many plants?
The amount of darkness a plant receives
What happens during dormancy ?
A plants growth or activity stops
What floating plants complete a life cycle within one growing season?
Annuals
Do most annuals have woody stems?
NO false
How long is a life of cycle of a perennial?
They live for more then two years
What type of plant is a perennial?
Peony
What plants complete their life cycle in 2 years ?
Biennial
