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PLANT KINGDOM Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plants with true vascular tissue are ?

A

Vascular plants

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2
Q

A plant that lacks a well developed system of tubes for transporting water and other minerals

A

Nonvascular plant

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3
Q

A fertilized egg produced by the joining of a sperm and egg

A

Zygote

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4
Q

A waxy water proof layer that covers the leaves of most plants

A

Cuticle

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5
Q

A system of tubelike structures inside a plant through which water , food and minerals move

A

Vascular tissue

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6
Q

A stage in which the plant produces spores, tiny cells that can grow into new organisms

A

Sporophyte

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7
Q

A stage in which the plant produces two kinds of sex cells : sperm cells and egg cells

A

Gametophyte

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8
Q

Which characteristics do plants share?

A

They are autotrophs and eukaryotes

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9
Q

T or F?
Plants make their own food in the process of photosynthesis

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What are plant cells enclosed with

A

Cell wall

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11
Q

T OR F: only some plants are multicellular

A

FALSE

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12
Q

What are 5 things that plants must do to survive on land?

A

1- obtain water and other nutrients
2- retain water
3- transport materials
4- support their bodies
5- reproduce

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13
Q

Where do plants living on land get water and nutrients from?

A

Soil

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14
Q

Why can a plant on land lose water and dry out?

A

If there is more water in plant cells then in the air, the water will leave the plant and enter the air

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15
Q

What adaptation do land plants have to keep them from drying out?

A

Cuticle

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16
Q

How do some plants move water minerals and food? What are the tubelike structures called?

A

Vascular tissue

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17
Q

Tor F? Some land plants are supported by vascular tissue

A

TRUE

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18
Q

What occurs during fertilization?

A

The joint of a sperm cell and an egg cell

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19
Q

The name of a fertilized egg is a

A

Zygote

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20
Q

T OR F? Nonvascular plants grow very tall

A

FALSE

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21
Q

What do biologists study to learn which organisms were the ancestors of today’s plants?

A

Fossils

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22
Q

Why do biologists think that ancient green algae were the ancestors of today’s plants?

A

Becuase biologists studied chlorophyll found in the chloroplasts of plants , algae and some bacteria. Land plants and green algae contain the same forms of chlorophyll.

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23
Q

In which stage do plants produce spores

A

Sporophyte

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24
Q

What stage do do plants produce sex cells?

A

Gametophyte

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25
Q

True or false? The sprophyte of a plants looks the same as a gametophyte?

A

FALSE

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26
Q

What two kinds of sex cells that are gametophyte produce?

A

Sperm and egg

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27
Q

What characteristics do all plant cells share?

A

They are autotrophs ( make their own food) and they are eukaryotic ( made up of many cells) they also all have cell walls

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28
Q

What do all plants need to live successfully?

A

The must obtain water and nutrients, retain water , transport materials, support and reproduce

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29
Q

What are some types of Nonvascular plants?

A

Mosses, liverwort and hornworts

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30
Q

What are two characteristics of Nonvascular plants?

A

1-Low growing
2- Live in moist areas

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31
Q

True or false? Nonvascular plants become very tall becuase of their support system?

A

FALSE : Nonvascular plants are low growing

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32
Q

How do Nonvascular plants get water?

A

By absorbing water directly from their environment

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33
Q

T or F? Nonvascular plants must have water to let the sperm cells swim to the egg cell?

A

TRUE

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34
Q

Thin rodlike structures that anchor moss and absorb water and. Nutrients from the soil are called

A

Rhizoids

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35
Q

Describe the sporophyte generation of moss

A
  • it grows out of the gametophyte
  • it consists of a slender stalk with a capsule at the end
  • the capsule contains spores
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36
Q

Where are liverworts often found growing?

A

As a thick crust on moist rocks or soil along the sides of a stream

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37
Q

T or F? There are more species of hornworts than liverworts?

A

FALSE

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38
Q

What are two characteristics that ferns , club mosses and horsetails share?

A

1- they have vascular tissue
2- do not produce seeds, they produce spores to reproduce

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39
Q

Why must ferns , club mosses and horsetails grow I. Moist environments?

A

Because the plants release spores into their surroundings where they grow into gametophytes and there must be enough water for fertilization

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40
Q

True or false? Ferns are small and can only grow low to the ground?

A

FALSE

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41
Q

What are fern leaves called!?

A

Fronds

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42
Q

What is the function of the cuticle on the upper surface of fern layers?

A

It helps the plant retain water

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43
Q

How are club mosses and horsetails similar to ferns?

A
  • they have true stems, roots and leaves
  • they are seedless vascular plants
  • they have a similar life cycle
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44
Q

Do mosses liveerworts or hornworts contain vascular tissue?

A

NO

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45
Q

What is the height and size of mosses , liverworts and hornworts?

A

They are low growing and small in size

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46
Q

What three groups of plants are seedless vascular plants?

A

Ferns, horsetails and club mosses

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47
Q

How do vascular seedless plants reproduce?

A

They use spores to reproduce

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48
Q

The structures that anchor a moss and absorb water and nutrients from the soil are called?

A

Rhizodes

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49
Q

A frond is a leaf of a ?

A

Fern

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50
Q

In seed plants, the plants you see are in what stage?

A

Sporophyte stage

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51
Q

What stage is microscopic ?

A

Gametophyte

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52
Q

In what 2 ways does vascular tissue help seed plants live on land?

A

1- helps support the plant
2- transports materials: food, water through the plant

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53
Q

What is the vascular tissue through which food moves?

A

Phloem

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54
Q

Which vascular tissue does water move through?

A

Xylem

55
Q

Where is a plants food made?

A

Leaves

56
Q

Water and nutrients are absorbed by what plant part?

A

Roots ( then they travel to the stems and leaves)

57
Q

What is a structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering?

A

A seed

58
Q

T or F? Pollen delivers sperm cells directly near the eggs?

A

True

59
Q

What is the function of the embryo?

A

Young plant that develops from the fertilized egg

60
Q

What is the cotyledon ?

A

A seed leaf that sometimes stores food

61
Q

What is the function of the seed coat?

A

It keeps the seed from drying out

62
Q

What do seeds need to develop into a plant?

A

Water, food and light. If the seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow

63
Q

True or false,? Seeds will begin to grow anywhere they land?

A

False. ( the conditions need to be favorable)

64
Q

What are 4 ways seeds disperse?

A
  • animals
  • water
  • wind
  • shooting out of plants
65
Q

What does the term germination mean?

A

The sprouting of the embryo out of the seed. Germination occurs when the embryo begins to grow again and pushes out the seed

66
Q

What the three functions of roots?

A
  • anchor the plant in the ground
  • absorb water and nutrient
  • sometimes store food
67
Q

What are two types of foot systems?

A
  • fibrous
  • taproot
68
Q

What is the function of the phloem

A

Moves food to the roots and other parts of the plant

69
Q

What do the root hairs do?

A

Increase the amount of water and minerals absorbed by the root

70
Q

What is the function of the root cap?

A

It protects the root from injury during growth

71
Q

What moves water and minerals to the stems and leaves

A

Xylem

72
Q

What is the cell layer that produces new phloem and xylem?

A

Cambium

73
Q

What are 3 functions of stems

A
  • carry substances between the roots and leaves
  • provides support to the plants
  • some store food
74
Q

T or F? Herbaceous stems are hard and have an outer layer called bark

A

FALSE

75
Q

What are layers of inactive xylem but provide support to woody stems?

A

Heartwood

76
Q

What is tissue that makes up a trees annual rings

A

Xylem

77
Q

T or f? One years growth of a tree is represented by one pair of light and dark rings in the trees stem?

A

TRUE

78
Q

What roles do leaves play in a plant?

A
  • they capture the suns energy
  • they carry out the food making process of photosynthesis
79
Q

What is the waxy waterproof coating that covers a leaf’s surface?

A

Cuticle

80
Q

What carries food

A

Phloem

81
Q

What carries water?

A

Xylem

82
Q

What are tiny pores that open and close to let carbon dioxide in?

A

Stomata

83
Q

What leaf cells contain the most chloroplasts?

A

Upper leaf cells

84
Q

What are the widely spaced cells that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to pass in and out of the leaf?

A

Lower leaf cells?

85
Q

Are upper leaf cells tightly packed to trap the energy in sunlight?

A

Yessss

86
Q

What is the process by which water evaporates from a leaves plants?

A

Transpiration

87
Q

Do stomata close to keep plants from losing water?

A

Yes true

88
Q

What characteristics do all seed plants share?

A
  • they have vascular tissue
  • use pollen and seeds to reproduce
  • they all have stems, roots and leaves
89
Q

What are the three main parts of a seed?

A

Embryo, seed coat and stored food

90
Q

What is a seed plant that produces naked seed?

A

Gymnosperm

91
Q

Do gymnosperms have seeds that are not enclosed by a fruit?

A

Yes it is true

92
Q

Are gymnosperms the oldest type of a seed plant?

A

Yes

93
Q

Only one species of this gymnosperm exists today

A

Ginkgoes

94
Q

What are the largest group of gymnosperms?

A

Conifers

95
Q

What gynosperm lives in hot deserts and tropical rain forests?

A

Gnetophytes

96
Q

What gymnosperm grow in tropical and subtropical areas?

A

Cycads

97
Q

What keeps their needles year round?

A

Conifers

98
Q

What look like palm trees with giant cones?

A

Cycads

99
Q

What type are often planted along city streets becuase the tolerate air pollution?

A

Ginkgoes

100
Q

Most gymnosperms have reproductive structures called?

A

Cones

101
Q

Do male cones contain ovules at the base of each scale?

A

No false

102
Q

What is a structure that contains n egg cell?

A

Ovule

103
Q

What happens during pollination?

A

Pollen from a male reproductive structure transfers to a female reproductive structure

104
Q

A plant that produces seeds that are enclosed in fruit is called?

A

Angiosperm

105
Q

What are two characteristics of angiosperms?

A
  • produce flowers
  • produce seeds enclosed in fruits
106
Q

When a flower is pollinated a grain of pollen falls on the

A

Flowers stigma

107
Q

In what part of the flower do the sperm and egg cells join?

A

Ovule

108
Q

T or f? All angiosperms rely on wind for pollination?

A

False

109
Q

How do animals pollinate flowers?

A
  • it enters the flower to obtain nectar
  • it brushes against the anthers and becomes coated with pollen
  • some of the pollen can drop onto the stigma as the animal leaves it as they enter the next flower
110
Q

What two things do conifers provide?

A

Paper
Turpentine

111
Q

Are angiosperms an important source of good for other organisms?

A

Yes true

112
Q

The seeds of gymnosperms are referred to as naked because they are not enclosed by a ?

A

Fruit

113
Q

2 characteristics of angiosperms are?

A
  • they produce flowers
  • produce seeds enclosed in fruits
114
Q

What do male cones and male parts of a flower produce?

A

Pollen

115
Q

Describe the process of of embryo formation?

A

1- pollen falls on stigma
2- the sperm and egg cells join in the ovule
3- the zygote develops into the embryo or the seed

116
Q

What do female comes and female parts of a flower produce?

A

Eggs

117
Q

The reproductive structure of a gymnosperm is called a

A

Cone

118
Q

What is the process of transferring pollen from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure?

A

Pollination

119
Q

In angiosperms a ripened ovary is called a

A

Fruit

120
Q

Angisperms that produce seeds with two seed leaves are called

A

Dicots

121
Q

What are four effects of plant hormones?

A

Tropisms, touch, light and gravity

122
Q

What is a topism

A

A plants growth response toward or away from a stimulus

123
Q

What are theee stimuli to which plants respond?

A
  • touch
  • light
  • gravity
124
Q

A chemical that affects how a plant grows and develops is called a

A

Hormone

125
Q

What do plant hormones control?

A

-germination
- formation of flowers
- stems
- leaves and shedding leaves
- developing and ripening of fruit

126
Q

What is a plant hormone that controls the rate at which a plants cells grow?

A

auxin

127
Q

How does auxin control a plants response to light?

A
  • when light shines on one side of a plants stem, auxin builds up in the shaded side of the stem
    The cells on the shaded side begin to grow faster . Eventually the cells on the stems shaded side are longer than those on its sunny side.
128
Q

What determines the time of flowering in many plants?

A

The amount of darkness a plant receives

129
Q

What happens during dormancy ?

A

A plants growth or activity stops

130
Q

What floating plants complete a life cycle within one growing season?

A

Annuals

131
Q

Do most annuals have woody stems?

A

NO false

132
Q

How long is a life of cycle of a perennial?

A

They live for more then two years

133
Q

What type of plant is a perennial?

A

Peony

134
Q

What plants complete their life cycle in 2 years ?

A

Biennial

SCIENCE (5 decks)

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