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LIFE SCIENCE Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Another name for life science is

A

BIOLOGY

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2
Q

The general term for a living thing is an

A

Organism

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3
Q

What refers to the diverse ways in which scientists investigate the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather?

A

Scientific inquiry

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4
Q

What is a possible explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question?

A

Hypothesis

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5
Q

True or false? A hypothesis must be testable?

A

True

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6
Q

Factors that can change in an experiment are?

A

Variables

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7
Q

An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated is called a

A

Controlled experiment

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8
Q

The one variable that is purposely changed is called the

A

Manipulated variable

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9
Q

The factor that may change in response to the manipulated variable is called the

A

Responding variable also called the dependent variable

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10
Q

What is a statement that describes how to measure a variable or define a term?

A

Operational definition

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11
Q

What are the facts, figures and other evidence gathered through observations?

A

Data

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12
Q

What is the sharing of ideas and experimental findings through writing and speaking?

A

Communicating

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13
Q

The process of change that occurs during an organisms life that produces a more complicated organism is called

A

Development

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14
Q

Studying how the human body works and how different animals interact with one another are examples of topics in life science which is

A

Biology

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15
Q

Recording how many times your dog eats each day and how much he eats are examples of collecting

A

Data

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16
Q

What are the basic units of structure and function in living things?

A

Cells

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17
Q

All living things are made of

A

Cells

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18
Q

Most cells can only be seen with a

A

Microscope

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19
Q

True or false: the invention of the microscope made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells?

A

True

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20
Q

Robert Hooke used the microscope to observe what?

A

A thin slice of cork

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21
Q

Single cell organisms are

A

Unicellular

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22
Q

What are organisms that are composed of many cells

A

Multicellular

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23
Q

What carries out specific functions within the cell?

A

Organelles

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24
Q

What is a rigid layer of cooling material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms?

A

Cell wall

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25
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

It helps to protect and support the cell.

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26
Q

What controls what substances come into and out of a cell?

A

The cell membrane

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27
Q

What directs all the cells activities?

A

Nucleus

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28
Q

What organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cells

A

Chloroplasts

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29
Q

Most of the cells energy is produced within these rod-shaped organelles

A

Mitochondria

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30
Q

What small organelles contain chemicals that break down food particles and worn out cell parts?

A

Lysosomes

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31
Q

What small structures of the cell function as factories to produce proteins?

A

Ribosomes

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32
Q

What is the gel liked fluid in a cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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33
Q

What are the large storage areas of cells?

A

Vacuoles

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34
Q

What is an any substance that can not be broken down into simpler substances ?

A

Element

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35
Q

The smallest unit of an element is called an

A

Atom

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36
Q

When two elements combine chemically they form a

A

Compound

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37
Q

Each water molecule is made up of ?

A

Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom

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38
Q

Most chemical reactions within cells could not take place without

A

Water

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39
Q

What are 4 important groups or organic compounds in living things,

A

Carbohydrates lipids, proteins and Nucleic acids

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40
Q

What provides energy for the cell?

A

Carbohydrates

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41
Q

What are some examples of lipids?

A

Fats, oils and waxes

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42
Q

What are large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and in some cases sulfur?

A

Proteins

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43
Q

Protein molecules are made up of smaller molecules called

A

Amino acids

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44
Q

What is a type of protein that speed up a chemical reaction in a living thing?

A

Enzyme

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45
Q

What are very long organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and nitrogen phosphorus

A

Nucleic acids

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46
Q

What contain the instructions that cells need to carry out

A

Nucleic acids

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47
Q

What are two kinds of Nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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48
Q

What type of Nucleic acid is the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring?

A

DNA

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49
Q

What type of Nucleic acid plays an important role in the production of proteins?

A

RNA

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50
Q

What is the term that means some substances can pass through the membrane while others can not?

A

Selectively permeable

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51
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The main method by which small molecules move across the cell membrane

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52
Q

Why is osmosis important?

A

Becuase cells can not function properly without adequate water

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53
Q

What does active transport require the cell to do that passive transport does not?

A

It requires the cell to use energy

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54
Q

The control center of the cell is?

A

Nucleus

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55
Q

A storage compartment of the cell is

A

Vacuoles

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56
Q

Describe cell theory

A

Cell theory states the following: all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things and all cells are produced from other cells

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57
Q

Starch is an example of a

A

Carbohydrate

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58
Q

The process by which water moves across the cell membrane is

A

Osmosis

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59
Q

Why are mitochondria know as the powerhouses of the cell?

A

Becuase they covert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions

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60
Q

How are enzymes important to living things?

A

Enzymes speeds up chemical reactions in a living thing. Without enzymes chemical reactions that are necessary for life would either take too long or not occur at all. For examples enzymes in saliva speed up the digestion of food by breaking down starches into sugars in your mouth.

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61
Q

The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food is called

A

Photosynthesis

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62
Q

An organism that makes its own food is called an

A

Autotroph

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63
Q

An organism that can not make its own food is called a

A

Heterotroph

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64
Q

Carbon dioxide enters the plant through small openings on the undersides of the leaves called

A

Stomata

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65
Q

What is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose

A

Respiration

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66
Q

Each identical rod in a chromosome is called a

A

Chromatid

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67
Q

The process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells is

A

Meosis

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68
Q

An allele whose trait always shows up in an organism when the allele is present is a

A

Dominant allele

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69
Q

During Meiosis sex cells form when chromosome pairs are

A

Seperated

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70
Q

An organisms phenotype is its

A

Physical appaerance

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71
Q

What is a change in a gene or chromosome?

A

Mutation

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72
Q

What is the term for an organism that is the offspring of many generations that have the same trait?

A

Purebred

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73
Q

The different forms of a gene are called

A

Alleles

74
Q

The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called

A

Heredity

75
Q

What is the number that describes how likely it is that an event will happen?

A

Probability

76
Q

How does the nucleus know how to direct the cell

A

Chromatin

77
Q

Passageways in the cell that help form proteins and other materials are called?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

78
Q

What are small grain like bodies which float in the cytoplasm and function as factories to produce proteins?

A

Ribosomes

79
Q

Which structure in the cell can be thought of as the cell’s mail room? They receive proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and package and deliver it to other parts of the cell?

A

Golgi bodies

80
Q

Only the cells of plants and a few other organisms have these green organelles that capture energy from the sunlight and use it to produce food

A

Chloroplasts

81
Q

An inorganic compound does not contain which element?

A

Carbon

82
Q

What is one inorganic compound vital for chemical reactions in cells?

A

Water

83
Q

What are four groups of organic compounds important in living things?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and Nucleic acids

84
Q

What three important functions does water perform in a cell?

A

Water dissolves chemicals cells need. (Most chemical reactions could not take place without water. )Water also helps cells keep their size and shape.
Third, becuase water changes temperature so slowly it helps keep the temperature of cells from changing rapidly

85
Q

True or false? Cells must let materials such as oxygen in and waste materials must move out

A

TRUE

86
Q

True or false? Substances can move in and out of a cell by only one method?

A

False: they can move through by three methods: diffusion, osmosis or active transport

87
Q

How do molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?

A

Diffusion

88
Q

True or false : the cell membrane is permeable to oxygen molecules?

A

True

89
Q

True or false : like oxygen, water passes in and out of cells through the cell membrane

A

True

90
Q

What is the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

91
Q

Do many cellular process depend on osmosis?

A

Yes, cells can not properly function without adequate water

92
Q

What is the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy called?

A

Active transport

93
Q

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Active transport requires the cell to use its own energy while passive transport does not

94
Q

Name three substances that are carried into and out of cells through active transport

A

Calcium, potassium and sodium

95
Q

Saliva in your mouth is an example of an enzyme because?

A

It helps to break down food

96
Q

Colored chemical compounds that absorb light are called

A

Pigments

97
Q

The main pigments in chloroplasts is

A

Chlorophyll

98
Q

What two raw materials does a plant need to produce sugars?

A

Water and carbon dioxide

99
Q

True or false? Cells use energy in the sugar to carry out important cell functions

A

True

100
Q

Compare photosynthesis and respiration

A

During photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water are used to produce sugars and oxygen. During respiration, the sugar glucose and oxygen and used to produce carbon dioxide and water. They can be thought of as opposite processes

101
Q

Which process uses carbon dioxide - respiration or photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis

102
Q

Which process uses oxygen respiration or photosynthesis?

A

Respiration

103
Q

Does fermentation provide energy for cells without using oxygen?

A

Yes

104
Q

What happens during a cell cycle?

A

A cell grows, prepares for division and divides into two daughter cells. Each of the daughter cells begins the process again

105
Q

What is the first stage of the cell cycle called?

A

Interphase

106
Q

True or false? During interphase the cell grows makes a copy of its DNA and prepares to divide into 2 cells

A

True

107
Q

What is stage 2 of the cell cycle called? It is the stage during which the cells nucleus divides into 2 nuclei

A

Mitosis

108
Q

True or false? During mitosis one copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells

A

True

109
Q

What are the double rod structures that form during prophase?

A

Chromosones

110
Q

What is each identical rod in a chromosome called?

A

Chromatid

111
Q

DNA has four kinds of nitrogen bases. What are they? Hint ( A, T, G and C)

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

112
Q

What does adenine always pair with?

A

Thymine

113
Q

What does guanine always pair with?

A

Cytosine

114
Q

What is the process by which cells change in structure and become capable of carrying out specialized functions?

A

Differentiation

115
Q

True or false? As cells differentiate they become different from one another

A

True

116
Q

What is the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring called?

A

Heredity

117
Q

Who observed pea plants traits were often similar to those of the parent plant?

A

Gregor Mendel

118
Q

What is the scientific study of heredity?

A

Genetics

119
Q

True or false? The factors that control each trait do not exist in pairs

A

False: the factors that control each trait DO exist in pairs

120
Q

Scientists use which word for the factors that control a trait

A

Gene

121
Q

What is the term for the different forms of a gene?

A

Alleles

122
Q

What is a trait that always shows up in the organism when the allele is present?

A

A dominant allele

123
Q

Which allele is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present?

A

Recessive

124
Q

Which alleles are represented by a capitol letter?

A

Dominant

125
Q

Who is often called the Father of Genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

126
Q

What is the number that describes how likely it is that a certain event will occur?

A

Probability

127
Q

What is a chart that shows all the combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

A

A Punnett square

128
Q

An organisms phenotype is its?

A

Physical appearance

129
Q

An organisms genetic makeup is its

A

Genotype

130
Q

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be

A

Homozygous

131
Q

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait is called

A

Heterozygous

132
Q

When alleles are neither dominant nor recessive it is called?

A

Codominance

133
Q

What is the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells?

A

Meiosis

134
Q

True or false? Chromosomes are made of many genes joined together like beads on a string

A

TRUE

135
Q

What does messenger RNA do?

A

It copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus and carries the message to the ribosomes.

136
Q

Transfer RNA does what?

A

It carries amino acids to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein

137
Q

What is any change in a gene or chromosome?

A

Mutation

138
Q

True or false: some mutations are harmful to an organism and a few are helpful

A

True

139
Q

What is an abnormal condition that people inherit through genes or chromosomes

A

A genetic disorder

140
Q

What is the genetic disorder in which the body produces abnormally thick mucus in the lungs and intestines?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

141
Q

Sickle cell disease affects?

A

Hemoglobin which is a protein in red blood cells

142
Q

True or false a person with two sickle cell allele will have sickle cell disease

A

TRUE

143
Q

In this disorder a person’s blood clots very slowly

A

Hemophilia

144
Q

In this disorder a persons cells have an extra copy of chromosome 21.

A

Down’s syndrome

145
Q

What is a chart or family tree that tracks which members of a family have a certain trait?

A

Pedigree

146
Q

What is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell?

A

A karyotype : it can tell whether a person has the correct number of chromosomes in his cells

147
Q

The process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of the next generation is called

A

Selective breeding

148
Q

True or false: inbreeding involves crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics and since they are very similar inbreeding increases the probability of genetic disorder

A

TRUE

149
Q

What is an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism from which is was produced?

A

A clone

150
Q

When genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA or another organism this is called

A

Genetic engineering

151
Q

Who went to the Galápagos Islands and studied organisms?

A

Charles Darwin

152
Q

What is a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring?

A

Species

153
Q

Beak shape is an example of an

A

Adaptation

154
Q

The gradual change in a species over time is called

A

Evolution

155
Q

Individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species . This is called?

A

Natural selection

156
Q

A difference between individuals of the same species is called a genetic

A

Variation

157
Q

Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor are known as

A

Homologous structures

158
Q

How do most fossils form?

A

When organisms die they become buried in sediment

159
Q

What is an observation that deals with characteristics that cannot be explained in numbers?

A

A qualitative observation ( white fur on a rabbit)

160
Q

If I arrange cds according to the type of music what am I doing?

A

Classifying

161
Q

A tiny nonliving particle that invades and then multiplies inside a cell

A

Virus

162
Q

What is a single celled organism that lacks a nucleus

A

Bacteria

163
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotes?

A

Yes ( the genetic material in their cells is contained in the nucleus)

164
Q

True or false: most bacteria that do not have a flagella can not move

A

TRUE. A flagellum is a long whiplike structure that helps a cell to move

165
Q

True or false : some bacteria are autotrophic

A

True: some bacteria are autotrophs, they make their own food

166
Q

What are eukaryotes that can not be classified as animals, plants or fungi?

A

Protist

167
Q

True or false? The ONLY way in which viruses are like organisms is that they can multiply

A

TRUE

168
Q

All viruses have two basic parts, what are they?

A

An outer coat that protects the virus and an inner core made of genetic material

169
Q

What happens once a virus moves inside the cell?

A

It takes over many of the cells functions

170
Q

What can you do to recover from a viral disease?

A

Rest, drink plenty of fluids and eat well balanced meals

171
Q

True or false : all bacteria are bad

A

False: bacteria are involved in environmental recycling and cleanup, and in health maintenance and medicine production

172
Q

True or false: animal like protists are heterotrophs and most can move from place to place

A

TrUE

173
Q

What are algae like?

A

Plants: they are autotrophs.

174
Q

What do fungi use to reproduce?

A

Spores

175
Q

True or false? Fungi can provide food for people and play important roles as decomposers and recyclers on Earth

A

TRUE

176
Q

A person who has one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait is called a

A

Carrier

177
Q

A genetic disease in a person whose blood clots very slowly

A

Hemophilia

178
Q

A fossil made of hardened materials in the shape of the original organism or one of its parts is called?

A

Cast

179
Q

An example of an inorganic compound is ?

A

WATER

180
Q

What is the main method by which small molecules move across the cell membrane?

A

Diffusion

SCIENCE (5 decks)

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