LIFE SCIENCE Flashcards
1
Q
Another name for life science is
A
BIOLOGY
2
Q
The general term for a living thing is an
A
Organism
3
Q
What refers to the diverse ways in which scientists investigate the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather?
A
Scientific inquiry
4
Q
What is a possible explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question?
A
Hypothesis
5
Q
True or false? A hypothesis must be testable?
A
True
6
Q
Factors that can change in an experiment are?
A
Variables
7
Q
An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated is called a
A
Controlled experiment
8
Q
The one variable that is purposely changed is called the
A
Manipulated variable
9
Q
The factor that may change in response to the manipulated variable is called the
A
Responding variable also called the dependent variable
10
Q
What is a statement that describes how to measure a variable or define a term?
A
Operational definition
11
Q
What are the facts, figures and other evidence gathered through observations?
A
Data
12
Q
What is the sharing of ideas and experimental findings through writing and speaking?
A
Communicating
13
Q
The process of change that occurs during an organisms life that produces a more complicated organism is called
A
Development
14
Q
Studying how the human body works and how different animals interact with one another are examples of topics in life science which is
A
Biology
15
Q
Recording how many times your dog eats each day and how much he eats are examples of collecting
A
Data
16
Q
What are the basic units of structure and function in living things?
A
Cells
17
Q
All living things are made of
A
Cells
18
Q
Most cells can only be seen with a
A
Microscope
19
Q
True or false: the invention of the microscope made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells?
A
True
20
Q
Robert Hooke used the microscope to observe what?
A
A thin slice of cork
21
Q
Single cell organisms are
A
Unicellular
22
Q
What are organisms that are composed of many cells
A
Multicellular
23
Q
What carries out specific functions within the cell?
A
Organelles
24
Q
What is a rigid layer of cooling material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms?
A
Cell wall
25
What does the cell wall do?
It helps to protect and support the cell.
26
What controls what substances come into and out of a cell?
The cell membrane
27
What directs all the cells activities?
Nucleus
28
What organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cells
Chloroplasts
29
Most of the cells energy is produced within these rod-shaped organelles
Mitochondria
30
What small organelles contain chemicals that break down food particles and worn out cell parts?
Lysosomes
31
What small structures of the cell function as factories to produce proteins?
Ribosomes
32
What is the gel liked fluid in a cell?
Cytoplasm
33
What are the large storage areas of cells?
Vacuoles
34
What is an any substance that can not be broken down into simpler substances ?
Element
35
The smallest unit of an element is called an
Atom
36
When two elements combine chemically they form a
Compound
37
Each water molecule is made up of ?
Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
38
Most chemical reactions within cells could not take place without
Water
39
What are 4 important groups or organic compounds in living things,
Carbohydrates lipids, proteins and Nucleic acids
40
What provides energy for the cell?
Carbohydrates
41
What are some examples of lipids?
Fats, oils and waxes
42
What are large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and in some cases sulfur?
Proteins
43
Protein molecules are made up of smaller molecules called
Amino acids
44
What is a type of protein that speed up a chemical reaction in a living thing?
Enzyme
45
What are very long organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and nitrogen phosphorus
Nucleic acids
46
What contain the instructions that cells need to carry out
Nucleic acids
47
What are two kinds of Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
48
What type of Nucleic acid is the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring?
DNA
49
What type of Nucleic acid plays an important role in the production of proteins?
RNA
50
What is the term that means some substances can pass through the membrane while others can not?
Selectively permeable
51
What is diffusion?
The main method by which small molecules move across the cell membrane
52
Why is osmosis important?
Becuase cells can not function properly without adequate water
53
What does active transport require the cell to do that passive transport does not?
It requires the cell to use energy
54
The control center of the cell is?
Nucleus
55
A storage compartment of the cell is
Vacuoles
56
Describe cell theory
Cell theory states the following: all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things and all cells are produced from other cells
57
Starch is an example of a
Carbohydrate
58
The process by which water moves across the cell membrane is
Osmosis
59
Why are mitochondria know as the powerhouses of the cell?
Becuase they covert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions
60
How are enzymes important to living things?
Enzymes speeds up chemical reactions in a living thing. Without enzymes chemical reactions that are necessary for life would either take too long or not occur at all. For examples enzymes in saliva speed up the digestion of food by breaking down starches into sugars in your mouth.
61
The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food is called
Photosynthesis
62
An organism that makes its own food is called an
Autotroph
63
An organism that can not make its own food is called a
Heterotroph
64
Carbon dioxide enters the plant through small openings on the undersides of the leaves called
Stomata
65
What is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose
Respiration
66
Each identical rod in a chromosome is called a
Chromatid
67
The process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells is
Meosis
68
An allele whose trait always shows up in an organism when the allele is present is a
Dominant allele
69
During Meiosis sex cells form when chromosome pairs are
Seperated
70
An organisms phenotype is its
Physical appaerance
71
What is a change in a gene or chromosome?
Mutation
72
What is the term for an organism that is the offspring of many generations that have the same trait?
Purebred
73
The different forms of a gene are called
Alleles
74
The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called
Heredity
75
What is the number that describes how likely it is that an event will happen?
Probability
76
How does the nucleus know how to direct the cell
Chromatin
77
Passageways in the cell that help form proteins and other materials are called?
Endoplasmic reticulum
78
What are small grain like bodies which float in the cytoplasm and function as factories to produce proteins?
Ribosomes
79
Which structure in the cell can be thought of as the cell’s mail room? They receive proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and package and deliver it to other parts of the cell?
Golgi bodies
80
Only the cells of plants and a few other organisms have these green organelles that capture energy from the sunlight and use it to produce food
Chloroplasts
81
An inorganic compound does not contain which element?
Carbon
82
What is one inorganic compound vital for chemical reactions in cells?
Water
83
What are four groups of organic compounds important in living things?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and Nucleic acids
84
What three important functions does water perform in a cell?
Water dissolves chemicals cells need. (Most chemical reactions could not take place without water. )Water also helps cells keep their size and shape.
Third, becuase water changes temperature so slowly it helps keep the temperature of cells from changing rapidly
85
True or false? Cells must let materials such as oxygen in and waste materials must move out
TRUE
86
True or false? Substances can move in and out of a cell by only one method?
False: they can move through by three methods: diffusion, osmosis or active transport
87
How do molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
Diffusion
88
True or false : the cell membrane is permeable to oxygen molecules?
True
89
True or false : like oxygen, water passes in and out of cells through the cell membrane
True
90
What is the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
91
Do many cellular process depend on osmosis?
Yes, cells can not properly function without adequate water
92
What is the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy called?
Active transport
93
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Active transport requires the cell to use its own energy while passive transport does not
94
Name three substances that are carried into and out of cells through active transport
Calcium, potassium and sodium
95
Saliva in your mouth is an example of an enzyme because?
It helps to break down food
96
Colored chemical compounds that absorb light are called
Pigments
97
The main pigments in chloroplasts is
Chlorophyll
98
What two raw materials does a plant need to produce sugars?
Water and carbon dioxide
99
True or false? Cells use energy in the sugar to carry out important cell functions
True
100
Compare photosynthesis and respiration
During photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water are used to produce sugars and oxygen. During respiration, the sugar glucose and oxygen and used to produce carbon dioxide and water. They can be thought of as opposite processes
101
Which process uses carbon dioxide - respiration or photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis
102
Which process uses oxygen respiration or photosynthesis?
Respiration
103
Does fermentation provide energy for cells without using oxygen?
Yes
104
What happens during a cell cycle?
A cell grows, prepares for division and divides into two daughter cells. Each of the daughter cells begins the process again
105
What is the first stage of the cell cycle called?
Interphase
106
True or false? During interphase the cell grows makes a copy of its DNA and prepares to divide into 2 cells
True
107
What is stage 2 of the cell cycle called? It is the stage during which the cells nucleus divides into 2 nuclei
Mitosis
108
True or false? During mitosis one copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells
True
109
What are the double rod structures that form during prophase?
Chromosones
110
What is each identical rod in a chromosome called?
Chromatid
111
DNA has four kinds of nitrogen bases. What are they? Hint ( A, T, G and C)
Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
112
What does adenine always pair with?
Thymine
113
What does guanine always pair with?
Cytosine
114
What is the process by which cells change in structure and become capable of carrying out specialized functions?
Differentiation
115
True or false? As cells differentiate they become different from one another
True
116
What is the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring called?
Heredity
117
Who observed pea plants traits were often similar to those of the parent plant?
Gregor Mendel
118
What is the scientific study of heredity?
Genetics
119
True or false? The factors that control each trait do not exist in pairs
False: the factors that control each trait DO exist in pairs
120
Scientists use which word for the factors that control a trait
Gene
121
What is the term for the different forms of a gene?
Alleles
122
What is a trait that always shows up in the organism when the allele is present?
A dominant allele
123
Which allele is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present?
Recessive
124
Which alleles are represented by a capitol letter?
Dominant
125
Who is often called the Father of Genetics?
Gregor Mendel
126
What is the number that describes how likely it is that a certain event will occur?
Probability
127
What is a chart that shows all the combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
A Punnett square
128
An organisms phenotype is its?
Physical appearance
129
An organisms genetic makeup is its
Genotype
130
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be
Homozygous
131
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait is called
Heterozygous
132
When alleles are neither dominant nor recessive it is called?
Codominance
133
What is the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells?
Meiosis
134
True or false? Chromosomes are made of many genes joined together like beads on a string
TRUE
135
What does messenger RNA do?
It copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus and carries the message to the ribosomes.
136
Transfer RNA does what?
It carries amino acids to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein
137
What is any change in a gene or chromosome?
Mutation
138
True or false: some mutations are harmful to an organism and a few are helpful
True
139
What is an abnormal condition that people inherit through genes or chromosomes
A genetic disorder
140
What is the genetic disorder in which the body produces abnormally thick mucus in the lungs and intestines?
Cystic Fibrosis
141
Sickle cell disease affects?
Hemoglobin which is a protein in red blood cells
142
True or false a person with two sickle cell allele will have sickle cell disease
TRUE
143
In this disorder a person’s blood clots very slowly
Hemophilia
144
In this disorder a persons cells have an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Down’s syndrome
145
What is a chart or family tree that tracks which members of a family have a certain trait?
Pedigree
146
What is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell?
A karyotype : it can tell whether a person has the correct number of chromosomes in his cells
147
The process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of the next generation is called
Selective breeding
148
True or false: inbreeding involves crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics and since they are very similar inbreeding increases the probability of genetic disorder
TRUE
149
What is an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism from which is was produced?
A clone
150
When genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA or another organism this is called
Genetic engineering
151
Who went to the Galápagos Islands and studied organisms?
Charles Darwin
152
What is a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring?
Species
153
Beak shape is an example of an
Adaptation
154
The gradual change in a species over time is called
Evolution
155
Individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species . This is called?
Natural selection
156
A difference between individuals of the same species is called a genetic
Variation
157
Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor are known as
Homologous structures
158
How do most fossils form?
When organisms die they become buried in sediment
159
What is an observation that deals with characteristics that cannot be explained in numbers?
A qualitative observation ( white fur on a rabbit)
160
If I arrange cds according to the type of music what am I doing?
Classifying
161
A tiny nonliving particle that invades and then multiplies inside a cell
Virus
162
What is a single celled organism that lacks a nucleus
Bacteria
163
Are bacteria prokaryotes?
Yes ( the genetic material in their cells is contained in the nucleus)
164
True or false: most bacteria that do not have a flagella can not move
TRUE. A flagellum is a long whiplike structure that helps a cell to move
165
True or false : some bacteria are autotrophic
True: some bacteria are autotrophs, they make their own food
166
What are eukaryotes that can not be classified as animals, plants or fungi?
Protist
167
True or false? The ONLY way in which viruses are like organisms is that they can multiply
TRUE
168
All viruses have two basic parts, what are they?
An outer coat that protects the virus and an inner core made of genetic material
169
What happens once a virus moves inside the cell?
It takes over many of the cells functions
170
What can you do to recover from a viral disease?
Rest, drink plenty of fluids and eat well balanced meals
171
True or false : all bacteria are bad
False: bacteria are involved in environmental recycling and cleanup, and in health maintenance and medicine production
172
True or false: animal like protists are heterotrophs and most can move from place to place
TrUE
173
What are algae like?
Plants: they are autotrophs.
174
What do fungi use to reproduce?
Spores
175
True or false? Fungi can provide food for people and play important roles as decomposers and recyclers on Earth
TRUE
176
A person who has one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait is called a
Carrier
177
A genetic disease in a person whose blood clots very slowly
Hemophilia
178
A fossil made of hardened materials in the shape of the original organism or one of its parts is called?
Cast
179
An example of an inorganic compound is ?
WATER
180
What is the main method by which small molecules move across the cell membrane?
Diffusion
