LIFE SCIENCE Flashcards
Another name for life science is
BIOLOGY
The general term for a living thing is an
Organism
What refers to the diverse ways in which scientists investigate the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather?
Scientific inquiry
What is a possible explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question?
Hypothesis
True or false? A hypothesis must be testable?
True
Factors that can change in an experiment are?
Variables
An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated is called a
Controlled experiment
The one variable that is purposely changed is called the
Manipulated variable
The factor that may change in response to the manipulated variable is called the
Responding variable also called the dependent variable
What is a statement that describes how to measure a variable or define a term?
Operational definition
What are the facts, figures and other evidence gathered through observations?
Data
What is the sharing of ideas and experimental findings through writing and speaking?
Communicating
The process of change that occurs during an organisms life that produces a more complicated organism is called
Development
Studying how the human body works and how different animals interact with one another are examples of topics in life science which is
Biology
Recording how many times your dog eats each day and how much he eats are examples of collecting
Data
What are the basic units of structure and function in living things?
Cells
All living things are made of
Cells
Most cells can only be seen with a
Microscope
True or false: the invention of the microscope made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells?
True
Robert Hooke used the microscope to observe what?
A thin slice of cork
Single cell organisms are
Unicellular
What are organisms that are composed of many cells
Multicellular
What carries out specific functions within the cell?
Organelles
What is a rigid layer of cooling material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms?
Cell wall
What does the cell wall do?
It helps to protect and support the cell.
What controls what substances come into and out of a cell?
The cell membrane
What directs all the cells activities?
Nucleus
What organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cells
Chloroplasts
Most of the cells energy is produced within these rod-shaped organelles
Mitochondria
What small organelles contain chemicals that break down food particles and worn out cell parts?
Lysosomes
What small structures of the cell function as factories to produce proteins?
Ribosomes
What is the gel liked fluid in a cell?
Cytoplasm
What are the large storage areas of cells?
Vacuoles
What is an any substance that can not be broken down into simpler substances ?
Element
The smallest unit of an element is called an
Atom
When two elements combine chemically they form a
Compound
Each water molecule is made up of ?
Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
Most chemical reactions within cells could not take place without
Water
What are 4 important groups or organic compounds in living things,
Carbohydrates lipids, proteins and Nucleic acids
What provides energy for the cell?
Carbohydrates
What are some examples of lipids?
Fats, oils and waxes
What are large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and in some cases sulfur?
Proteins
Protein molecules are made up of smaller molecules called
Amino acids
What is a type of protein that speed up a chemical reaction in a living thing?
Enzyme
What are very long organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and nitrogen phosphorus
Nucleic acids
What contain the instructions that cells need to carry out
Nucleic acids
What are two kinds of Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
What type of Nucleic acid is the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring?
DNA
What type of Nucleic acid plays an important role in the production of proteins?
RNA
What is the term that means some substances can pass through the membrane while others can not?
Selectively permeable
What is diffusion?
The main method by which small molecules move across the cell membrane
Why is osmosis important?
Becuase cells can not function properly without adequate water
What does active transport require the cell to do that passive transport does not?
It requires the cell to use energy
The control center of the cell is?
Nucleus
A storage compartment of the cell is
Vacuoles
Describe cell theory
Cell theory states the following: all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things and all cells are produced from other cells
Starch is an example of a
Carbohydrate
The process by which water moves across the cell membrane is
Osmosis
Why are mitochondria know as the powerhouses of the cell?
Becuase they covert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions
How are enzymes important to living things?
Enzymes speeds up chemical reactions in a living thing. Without enzymes chemical reactions that are necessary for life would either take too long or not occur at all. For examples enzymes in saliva speed up the digestion of food by breaking down starches into sugars in your mouth.
The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food is called
Photosynthesis
An organism that makes its own food is called an
Autotroph
An organism that can not make its own food is called a
Heterotroph
Carbon dioxide enters the plant through small openings on the undersides of the leaves called
Stomata
What is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose
Respiration
Each identical rod in a chromosome is called a
Chromatid
The process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells is
Meosis
An allele whose trait always shows up in an organism when the allele is present is a
Dominant allele
During Meiosis sex cells form when chromosome pairs are
Seperated
An organisms phenotype is its
Physical appaerance
What is a change in a gene or chromosome?
Mutation
What is the term for an organism that is the offspring of many generations that have the same trait?
Purebred
The different forms of a gene are called
Alleles
The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called
Heredity
What is the number that describes how likely it is that an event will happen?
Probability
How does the nucleus know how to direct the cell
Chromatin
Passageways in the cell that help form proteins and other materials are called?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What are small grain like bodies which float in the cytoplasm and function as factories to produce proteins?
Ribosomes
Which structure in the cell can be thought of as the cell’s mail room? They receive proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and package and deliver it to other parts of the cell?
Golgi bodies
Only the cells of plants and a few other organisms have these green organelles that capture energy from the sunlight and use it to produce food
Chloroplasts
An inorganic compound does not contain which element?
Carbon
What is one inorganic compound vital for chemical reactions in cells?
Water
What are four groups of organic compounds important in living things?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and Nucleic acids
What three important functions does water perform in a cell?
Water dissolves chemicals cells need. (Most chemical reactions could not take place without water. )Water also helps cells keep their size and shape.
Third, becuase water changes temperature so slowly it helps keep the temperature of cells from changing rapidly
True or false? Cells must let materials such as oxygen in and waste materials must move out
TRUE
True or false? Substances can move in and out of a cell by only one method?
False: they can move through by three methods: diffusion, osmosis or active transport
How do molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
Diffusion
True or false : the cell membrane is permeable to oxygen molecules?
True
True or false : like oxygen, water passes in and out of cells through the cell membrane
True
What is the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
Do many cellular process depend on osmosis?
Yes, cells can not properly function without adequate water
What is the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy called?
Active transport
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Active transport requires the cell to use its own energy while passive transport does not
Name three substances that are carried into and out of cells through active transport
Calcium, potassium and sodium
Saliva in your mouth is an example of an enzyme because?
It helps to break down food
Colored chemical compounds that absorb light are called
Pigments
The main pigments in chloroplasts is
Chlorophyll
What two raw materials does a plant need to produce sugars?
Water and carbon dioxide
True or false? Cells use energy in the sugar to carry out important cell functions
True
Compare photosynthesis and respiration
During photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water are used to produce sugars and oxygen. During respiration, the sugar glucose and oxygen and used to produce carbon dioxide and water. They can be thought of as opposite processes
Which process uses carbon dioxide - respiration or photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis
Which process uses oxygen respiration or photosynthesis?
Respiration
Does fermentation provide energy for cells without using oxygen?
Yes
What happens during a cell cycle?
A cell grows, prepares for division and divides into two daughter cells. Each of the daughter cells begins the process again
What is the first stage of the cell cycle called?
Interphase
True or false? During interphase the cell grows makes a copy of its DNA and prepares to divide into 2 cells
True
What is stage 2 of the cell cycle called? It is the stage during which the cells nucleus divides into 2 nuclei
Mitosis
True or false? During mitosis one copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells
True
What are the double rod structures that form during prophase?
Chromosones
What is each identical rod in a chromosome called?
Chromatid
DNA has four kinds of nitrogen bases. What are they? Hint ( A, T, G and C)
Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
What does adenine always pair with?
Thymine
What does guanine always pair with?
Cytosine
What is the process by which cells change in structure and become capable of carrying out specialized functions?
Differentiation
True or false? As cells differentiate they become different from one another
True
What is the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring called?
Heredity
Who observed pea plants traits were often similar to those of the parent plant?
Gregor Mendel
What is the scientific study of heredity?
Genetics
True or false? The factors that control each trait do not exist in pairs
False: the factors that control each trait DO exist in pairs
Scientists use which word for the factors that control a trait
Gene
What is the term for the different forms of a gene?
Alleles
What is a trait that always shows up in the organism when the allele is present?
A dominant allele
Which allele is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present?
Recessive
Which alleles are represented by a capitol letter?
Dominant
Who is often called the Father of Genetics?
Gregor Mendel
What is the number that describes how likely it is that a certain event will occur?
Probability
What is a chart that shows all the combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
A Punnett square
An organisms phenotype is its?
Physical appearance
An organisms genetic makeup is its
Genotype
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be
Homozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait is called
Heterozygous
When alleles are neither dominant nor recessive it is called?
Codominance
What is the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells?
Meiosis
True or false? Chromosomes are made of many genes joined together like beads on a string
TRUE
What does messenger RNA do?
It copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus and carries the message to the ribosomes.
Transfer RNA does what?
It carries amino acids to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein
What is any change in a gene or chromosome?
Mutation
True or false: some mutations are harmful to an organism and a few are helpful
True
What is an abnormal condition that people inherit through genes or chromosomes
A genetic disorder
What is the genetic disorder in which the body produces abnormally thick mucus in the lungs and intestines?
Cystic Fibrosis
Sickle cell disease affects?
Hemoglobin which is a protein in red blood cells
True or false a person with two sickle cell allele will have sickle cell disease
TRUE
In this disorder a person’s blood clots very slowly
Hemophilia
In this disorder a persons cells have an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Down’s syndrome
What is a chart or family tree that tracks which members of a family have a certain trait?
Pedigree
What is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell?
A karyotype : it can tell whether a person has the correct number of chromosomes in his cells
The process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of the next generation is called
Selective breeding
True or false: inbreeding involves crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics and since they are very similar inbreeding increases the probability of genetic disorder
TRUE
What is an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism from which is was produced?
A clone
When genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA or another organism this is called
Genetic engineering
Who went to the Galápagos Islands and studied organisms?
Charles Darwin
What is a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring?
Species
Beak shape is an example of an
Adaptation
The gradual change in a species over time is called
Evolution
Individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species . This is called?
Natural selection
A difference between individuals of the same species is called a genetic
Variation
Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor are known as
Homologous structures
How do most fossils form?
When organisms die they become buried in sediment
What is an observation that deals with characteristics that cannot be explained in numbers?
A qualitative observation ( white fur on a rabbit)
If I arrange cds according to the type of music what am I doing?
Classifying
A tiny nonliving particle that invades and then multiplies inside a cell
Virus
What is a single celled organism that lacks a nucleus
Bacteria
Are bacteria prokaryotes?
Yes ( the genetic material in their cells is contained in the nucleus)
True or false: most bacteria that do not have a flagella can not move
TRUE. A flagellum is a long whiplike structure that helps a cell to move
True or false : some bacteria are autotrophic
True: some bacteria are autotrophs, they make their own food
What are eukaryotes that can not be classified as animals, plants or fungi?
Protist
True or false? The ONLY way in which viruses are like organisms is that they can multiply
TRUE
All viruses have two basic parts, what are they?
An outer coat that protects the virus and an inner core made of genetic material
What happens once a virus moves inside the cell?
It takes over many of the cells functions
What can you do to recover from a viral disease?
Rest, drink plenty of fluids and eat well balanced meals
True or false : all bacteria are bad
False: bacteria are involved in environmental recycling and cleanup, and in health maintenance and medicine production
True or false: animal like protists are heterotrophs and most can move from place to place
TrUE
What are algae like?
Plants: they are autotrophs.
What do fungi use to reproduce?
Spores
True or false? Fungi can provide food for people and play important roles as decomposers and recyclers on Earth
TRUE
A person who has one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait is called a
Carrier
A genetic disease in a person whose blood clots very slowly
Hemophilia
A fossil made of hardened materials in the shape of the original organism or one of its parts is called?
Cast
An example of an inorganic compound is ?
WATER
What is the main method by which small molecules move across the cell membrane?
Diffusion
