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Plant Health > Plant Communities and Ecology > Flashcards

Plant Communities and Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Plant Communities

A

closed canopy forest
savanna
desert
mediterranean
shrublands
grasslands
tundra
polar
alpine
wetlands
freshwater ecosystems
coastal/marine ecosystems

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2
Q

Factors Influencing Plant Communities

A

geography
climate
topography
geology
biota
time

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3
Q

Geography Factor Examples

A

latitude
altitude
mountains
valleys
coastal
continental

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4
Q

Climate Factor Examples

A

polar
boreal
temperate
mediterranean
tropical
arid

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5
Q

Topography Factor Examples

A

aspect and NSEW exposure
moisture

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6
Q

Geology (Soil Type) Factor Examples

A

high fertility
low fertility

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7
Q

Biota Factor Examples

A

beneficial relationships
antagonistic relationships

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8
Q

Time Factor Examples

A

plant communities are dynamic: they change over time

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9
Q

Ecological Succession

A

disturbance (fire, landslide, avalanche, flood)
initial pioneer plants (weed response)
secondary herbaceous phase (longer lived perennials)
woody pioneers (N fixing)
multiple woody phases
climax species
disturbance

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10
Q

CSR Model of Plant Survival

A

Competitors
Stress Tolerators
Ruderals

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11
Q

Competitors

A

stable, limited environmental stress, high resources (nutritional, water, light)
dominant
colonizes
develops in low diversity communities
morphology: vigorous, large, spread vegetatively

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12
Q

Stress Tolerators

A

able to survive in high stress environment, low resources
not as vigorous as competitors
high in diversity
slow growing
often evergreen/woody
able to survive long periods (high sun or high shade)

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13
Q

Ruderals

A

pioneers
opportunists
annuals
biennials
short lived perennials
colourful flowers
seeds able to survive long periods of dormancy

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14
Q

Components of Plant Communities

A

Persistance
Rate of Spread
Factors determining grouping patterns
Plant Regeneration

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15
Q

Persistance

A

colonies that maintain density are persistant
colonies that are not persistant will thin out and open up over time as plants die

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16
Q

Rate of Spread

A

slow rate of spread- root development in early establishment
establish well and long lived

17
Q

Factors that Determine Grouping Patterns

A

topography, wind, geology, soil conditions, moisture, light, nurse plants

18
Q

What Causes Plant Regeneration

A

fire, herbivory, snow breakage, wind breakage

19
Q

Regenerative Strategies in Plants

A

suckering, watershoots, and adventitious bud development from branch framework

20
Q

Rewards for Insects

A

nectar (sugar)
pollen (starch and protein)
reward has to be good enough to encourage insect visits, lean enough to encourage insects to move to other flowers, and greater than energy used seeking the reward

21
Q

Characteristics of Good Pollinators

A

carries a lot of pollen
visits many flowers
makes contact with stigma
works long hours
non-specialized mouthparts

22
Q

Steps to Encourage Predatory Insects

A

importation: introducing predators (local or exotic)
augmentation: breeding and release of local species
conservation: natural populations are encouraged by planting nectar/pollen producing plants

23
Q

Planting to Encourage Pollinators

A

variety of species that flower throughout season
use flowers that attract generalist pollinators
flower in the afternoon and evening
open flowers (easy to access pollen and nectaries)
asteraceae, apiaceae, rosaceae

24
Q

Common Beneficial Insects

A

Ladybugs (coleoptera)
Hoverflies (diptera)
Lacewing (Neroptera)
Parasitic Wasps (hymenoptera)
Butterflies/Moths (lepidoptera)

25
Q

Food Sources to Attract Birds

A

small seeds (small birds)
large seeds (large beaked birds)
berries (robins)
nectar (hummingbird)
insects (robins, towhees, flickers)

26
Q

Shelter/Habitat to Attract Birds

A

twiggy shrubs and trees for nesting sites
shrubs and herbaceous plants for ground feeders
shrubby thickets for perching
dense twiggy shrubs

27
Q

Water to Attract Birds

A

1-3 inches depth
natural areas that collect water during rain
water features
clean water
moving water (noise attracts birds)

28
Q

Predatory Birds in Lower Mainland

A

bald eagle
red tailed halk
coopers hawk
osprey
barred owl
raven

29
Q

Hummingbirds in Lower Mainland

A

rufous hummingbird
anna’s humminbird

30
Q

Small Sized Birds in Lower Mainland

A

House Sparrow
Song Sparrow
House Finch

31
Q

Swallows in Lower Mainland

A

Violet-green swallow
Barn swallow
Bushtit
Dark-eyed junco
Spotted towhee
Winter wren
Ruby crowned kinglet
Golden crowned kinglet
Red-breasted nuthatch

32
Q

Medium Sized Birds in Lower Mainland

A

American Crow
American Robin
Stellar’s Jay
Cedar Waxwing
Redwinged Blackbird
European Starling
Varied Thrush

33
Q

Woodpeckers in Lower Mainland

A

Downy woodpecker
Pileated woodpecker
Northern flicker

Plant Health (7 decks)

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