Plant Chemistry

Question 1

Plant Makeup (basic)

Answer 1

Cuticle -Regulates exchange, has stomatas
Upper epidermis
Lower epidermis
Cuticle

Question 2

Bonding

Answer 2

Covalent: e- sharing, strong bonds
Noncovalent: includes ionic and H (between water molecules)
- weak bonds
- electrostatic
- mainly in plant

Question 3

Water

Answer 3

O : highly e-neg
H : low e- neg

Question 4

Cohesion v Adhesion (water)

Answer 4

Cohesion: Attraction of molecules of the same kind

Adhesion: Attraction of molecules of one kind to another of a different kind (i.e water + charged molecule) [glass, soil particles]

Question 5

Capillary Action

Answer 5

Ability of liquid to flow upward through narrow spaces (force opposes gravity)

Question 6

Hydrocarbons

Answer 6

molecules that contain C-H only
Hydrophobic

Question 7

Molecules in a cell

Answer 7

1. Protein
2. Carb
3. Lipid
4. Nucleic acids

Question 8

Macromolecule

Answer 8

made of monomers [sugar, amino acid, nucleotide] = polymer [carb, protein, nucleic acid]

Question 9

Form/breakdown a macromolecule

Answer 9

Form - Dehydration and condensation rxn (rqrs ATP)

Breakdown - Hydrolysis rxn (releases ATP)

Question 10

Carbohydrates

Answer 10

Monosaccharides - sugar (one subunit)
glucose, ribose, ribulose, fructose, glyceraldehyde
Disaccharides - two subunit

Polysaccharide - many- thousands

Question 11

alpha v. beta glucose

Answer 11

Enzyme recognizes alpha glucose
- polysaccharides STARCH (beta) and CELLULOSE (alpha)

• beta glucoses bound too tightly (helical - starch)

Question 12

Function of glucose

Answer 12

Main form of energy in plants and animals - through respiration

Question 13

Sucrose function

Answer 13

Transported energy (throughout plant) (photosynthesis creates sucrose from glucose from CO2)

Question 14

Starch function

Answer 14

Storage form of glucose (interconvertible depending on excess glucose v. depleted glucose)

Question 15

Starch and Cellulose in humans

Answer 15

Starch: polymer of alpha glucose, digested by amylase (saliva and pancreas)

Cellulose: polymer of beta glucose
not digested by humans, most abundant compound on earth
part of insoluble fiber

Question 16

Protein

Answer 16

Polymer of amino acids
Protein folding via ionic and H bonds

Membrane Bound- inserted into plasma or organelle membrane
Soluble - in cytosol or in lumen of organelle (can float in water)

Question 17

Nucleotides

Answer 17

DNA and RNA
vary in sugar type (2) and base (5)

• deoxyribose v ribose
• DNA: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
  -RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

Question 18

Lipids

Answer 18

Main groups: Fats (energy storage), phospholipids (membrane structure), waxes

Hydrophobic, structurally distinct, not polymers

Question 19

Fatty acid structure

Answer 19

Carboxyl group (hydrophilic) + hydrocarbon tail (hydrophobic)

Question 20

Fat structure

Answer 20

3 fatty acid + glycerol

Question 21

Phospholipid structure

Answer 21

2 fatty acid + glycerol + polar head group

Question 22

Saturated v Unsaturated

Answer 22

Sat:
no double bonds (contains all H groups) - can
pack tightly
solid at lower temp
can lay on top of each other
exception: palm

Unsaturated:
missing H via double bond
liquid at room temp

Question 23

Hydrogenation

Answer 23

adding H to (saturating) to break double bond = can pack tightly and be solid at lower temp