Plant Biotechnology 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What do agronomic traits include?

A

Yield
Herbicide tolerance
Disease and pest resistance

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2
Q

What do quality traits include?

A

Processing
Shelf life
Nutritional quality

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3
Q

Name 3 novel products that can be grown in plants

A

Oils
Proteins
Polymers ie. plastics

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4
Q

Describe roundup ready

A

Broad spectrum herbicide made by Monsanto
Glyphosate
Acts by inhibiting a chromoplast enzyme

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5
Q

What are advantages of HT (herbicide tolerant) crops?

A

Enhanced crop productivity

Encourages ’no-till’ agriculture – reducing soil erosion and lowering fuel costs and greenhouse gas emissions

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6
Q

What are disadvantages of HT (herbicide tolerant) crops?

A

Increased use of Roundup

Possible reduction in biodiversity

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7
Q

What bacteria is most commonly used for insect resistance?

A

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

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8
Q

How does Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) work?

A

Its spores contain a crystalline protein that kills insects

  1. Larva consumes toxin
  2. Crystals solubilized and toxin activated by proteolytic cleavage in mid-gut
  3. Toxin binds to specific receptors
  4. Binding triggers cell death in mid-gut lining
  5. Septicaemia follows and larva dies
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9
Q

Which gene encode the Bt toxins?

A

Cry genes

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10
Q

What are the advantages of using Bt crops?

A

reduced financial cost due to less pesticide use
Reduced environmental impact
Improved health of farmers
Improved food quality

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of using Bt crops?

A

Selection pressure for resistant pests

Possible effect on non target insects

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12
Q

What is golden rice?

A

Provitamin A-enriched rice variety

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13
Q

Where do humans normal get vitamin A from?

A

Provitamin A from plants

From animal products containing vitamin A

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14
Q

Describe what happens when someone has a vitamin A deficiency

A

Night-blindness
Dry eyes (xerophthalmia)
Increased susceptibility
Developing countries

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15
Q

What is a main cause of VAD?

A

Low vitamin A content of the rice grain as it is staple diet all over the world

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16
Q

Why does rice have little vitamin A?

A

Due to little of β-carotene

There are 4 missing enzyme catalysed steps

17
Q

How was rice made that is rich in β-carotene (golden rice)?

A

Introduced two daffodil genes and an Erwinia gene under the control of endosperm-specific promoters into rice

18
Q

Golden rice 2 can provide how much of a childs RDA of Vitamin A?

19
Q

What is an advantage of golden rice?

A

saves people from going blind

20
Q

What is a disadvantage of golden rice?

A

Reinforces dependancy on rice diet

21
Q

What are aphids?

A

Major agricultural pests, damaging crops and carrying important plant viruses

22
Q

What is the aphid alarm pheromone?

A

A volatile, non-toxic chemical produced by aphids in response to attack.

23
Q

What is an edible vaccine?

A

Vaccines where the antigen is produced in a transgenic plant and can be administered orally.

24
Q

What is an advent of edible vaccine?

A

Production is efficient and easily scaled up

Don’t require refrigeration

25
How are edible vaccines developed for the measles virus?
Select an antigen surface exposed protein targeted during the immune response Isolate the MV-H gene Express the gene in an edible transgenic plant Test effectiveness by feeding the lettuce to mice Assay for the presence of anti-MV-H antibodies in mice