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Biotechnology > Plant Biotechnology 7 > Flashcards

Plant Biotechnology 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Define plant technology

A

The application of laboratory-based techniques for plant propagation or genetic improvement

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2
Q

Define tissue culture

A

the culture of plant organs, tissues, cells or protoplasts on nutrient media under sterile conditions

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3
Q

Name 4 applications of plant tissue culture

A

Suspension cultures
Somatic hybridisation
Micropropagation
Production of transgenic plants

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4
Q

Define cell suspension culture

A

The growth of plant cells under sterile conditions in a liquid medium, with shaking.

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5
Q

Give two uses of cell suspension culture

A

Research

Commercial production

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6
Q

What is a protoplast?

A

Plant cell without a cell wall

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7
Q

What is a somatic hybridization?

A

Production of novel hybrids between sexually incompatible plant species

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8
Q

What is micropropagation?

A

Commercially important for propagating individual plant genotypes where other methods of propagation are difficult

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9
Q

What does a micropropagation start with?

A

an explant

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10
Q

Define totipotency

A

The ability of an individual cell to divide and form all parts of the mature organism

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11
Q

What does totipotency depend on?

A

Dedifferentiation

Redifferentiation

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12
Q

Describe the process of regeneration by organogenesis

A

Isolation of an explant under sterile conditions
Callus production on nutrient medium containing plant hormones (auxin and cytokinin
Organogenesis stage I: the generation of new shoots from the undifferentiated callus (promoted by cytokinin)
Organogenesis stage II: the generation of roots from the shoots (promoted by auxin)

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13
Q

What is somatic embryogenesis?

A

Development of embryos and whole plants directly from somatic cells

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14
Q

What is soma clonal variation?

A

Phenotypic variability between individual plants derived from plant tissue culture

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15
Q

What is an advantage of somaclonal variation?

A

Creation of additional genetic variability for plant improvement

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16
Q

What is an disadvantage of somaclonal variation?

A

Lack of uniformity is a problem in micropropagation for horticulture and forestry industries

17
Q

How are transgenic plants produced?

A

Production of a DNA construct that harbours the gene of interest
Transformation of plant cells with the construct
Selection of transformed cells using a selectable marker
Regeneration of whole plants from transformed cells

18
Q

What 4 things do you need to consider in a promoter?

A

Constitutive (on all the time throughout the plant)
Tissue-specific (e.g. only expressed in root hairs)
Developmentally regulated (e.g. activated during fruit ripening)
Inducible (only activated when a chemical treatment is applied)

19
Q

Describe selectable markers

A

They are a way to identify which cells contain the gene of interest
Usually are antibiotic resistant genes to chemicals that are toxic to plants

20
Q

What two ways can foreign DNA get into plant cells?

A

Naked DNA delivery systems

Natural delivery systems

21
Q

How does Naked DNA get into the plant cells by particle bombardment?

A

Gold coats the DNA. These are used to fire at plant cells at a high velocity. Particles penetrate cell walls and membranes and the DNA is released and incorporated into the plant chromosomes

22
Q

How does Naked DNA get into the plant cells by electroporation?

A

Use of a short high voltage electrical discharge to make the plasma membrane permeable to DNA

23
Q

How do natural delivery systems work?

A

Use Agrobacterium tumefaciens
This is a plant pathogen that infects wound sites and produces tumours
It transfers a small segment of its DNA into the plant genome
The T DNA is on the TI plasmid

24
Q

What can the genes do that the T DNA carry?

A

Induce uncontrolled cell division

Direct the synthesis of opines

25
Q

Describe the structure of the Ti plasmid

A

Contains Vir region and the T DNA
T DNA has left and right border
Each border has 25bp repeat sequence after it

26
Q

What are Vir genes needed for?

A

Transfer processes

27
Q

Why may we remove the T DNA borders?

A

To replace them with genes we want to transfer into the plant using selectable markers

28
Q

What is floral dipping?

A

Developing flowers are immersed in a suspension of Agrobacterium

29
Q

What frequency does floral dipping occur at?

A

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Biotechnology (10 decks)

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