plant biotech Flashcards
A range of tools, including traditional breeding
techniques, that alter living organisms, or parts
of organisms, to make or modify products;
agricultural biotechnology
improve plants or animals; or develop microorganisms for specific agricultural uses.
agricultural biotechnology
traditional modification methods (2)
selective breeding and cross breeding
done to plants and animals to
achieve more desirable traits
traditional modification methods
a laboratory technique targeting specific genes of interest and inserting only that gene into the resulting genetically
engineered organism.
genetic engineering
how long has been traditional methods of modifying plants have been around?
nearly 10,000 years
________ is a new method that gives scientists more precise and targeted ways to develop new crop varieties.
Genome editing
________ can make it easier and quicker to make changes that were previously done through traditional breeding.
Genome editing tools
● Process of modifying the
characteristics of living things in
order to enhance one or more
desirable traits by the selection in
breeding, controlled by humans.
● Does not introduce foreign DNA into
the genome
Traditional Plant Breeding
● Relatively new laboratory
techniques
● Introduces foreign DNA into
the genome
Genetic Engineering
A plant, animal, or microorganism that has had its genetic
material (DNA) changed using technology that generally
involves the specific modification of DNA, including the
transfer of specific DNA from one organism to another
Genetically Modified Organisms
The genome of the organism is edited/altered through
___________.
genetic engineering
how many countries grow GMOs
24 including Canada, Brazil, Ph, Bangladesh
process of introducing ann exogenous gene into a living organism resulting in the target organism’s exhibition of desired trait
trasgenesis
an exogenous gene
transgene
gene or genetic material that is transferred either naturally or artifivially from one organism to another
transgene
any organism which expresses the character coded by the transgene
transgenic organism
Direct transfer of genes to plants - permits innovations that are possible to achieve with conventional hybridization methods.
transgenesis
Pesticidal substances produced
by plants and the genetic
material necessary for the plant
to produce the substance
Plant-incorporated Protectants
-Types of GMOs that passed the
National Bioengineered Food
Disclosure Standard.
bioengineered food
those that contain detectable
genetic material that has been
modified through certain lab
techniques and cannot be created
through conventional breeding or
found in nature.
bioengineered food
Some benefits of genetic modification in Agriculture (6)
higher yield
less crop loss
longer storage life
better appearance
better nutrition
less pesticide application
role and meaning:
USDA
FDA
EPA
US Department of Agriculture (safe to grow)
Food and Drug Administration (safe to consume)
Environmental Protection Agency (environmental risk assessment)
plant biotechnology techniques (4)
protoplast fusion
leaf fragment technique
gene guns
chloroplast engineering
the cell wall of plant cells are dissolved using an enzyme (____) producing a protoplast (plant cell with the cell
wall)
protoplast fusion, cellulase
2 ways to obtain fusion of protoplast
chemically or physically
chemically with the help of a mixture of ____ (PEG) and a high concentration of ____ at pH _.
physically through ___.
polyethelyne glycol, calcium, 8
electrofusion
a transgenic crop produced by protoplast fusion of a
tomato plant and a potato plant
pomato
process of leaf fragment technique
- small discs are cut from target plants
- these discs are exposed to Agrobacter (contains a plasmid DNA) to obtain the desired gene
- after genetic delivery, the leaf discs are treated with plant hormones that stimulate shoot and root development
it could literally blast tiny metal beads coated
with DNA into embryonic plant cells;
gene guns
process of chloroplast engineering
- chloroplast can accept several genes at once
- these genes remain active when the plant matures
- no risk of ecological problem as DNA of chloroplast is separate from sex DNA of the entire plant
Practical Applications of Biotechnology to Plants (4)
vaccines for plants
gentic pesticide
herbicide resistance
enhanced resistance
bioengineers have managed to insert a gene into a plant’s DNA which would produce a protein that would turn on the immune system of the plant
example:
vaccine for plants
tobacco mosaic virus gene to stop tomato mosaic virus
genes that codes for proteins that are pesticidal in
nature are inserted to the crop’s genome resulting to a “pest-resistant” or “insect-resistant” crop;
example:
genetic pesticide
cry gene from Bacillus thurengiensis produces protein that kills insect upon digestion
herbicides can kill both weeds and desirable plants, but bioengineers have created transgenic crops that could produce alternative enzymes making them resistant to herbicides
example:
herbicide resistance
soy beans grown today ay resistant to herbicides
enzyme affected by herbicide
EPSPS enzyme
bioengineering is used to enhance the nutrient content of several crops
example:
enhanced nutrition
Golden rice contains beta carotene
what provitamin is beta carotene converted into in the body?
vitamin A
