aquatic biotechnology Flashcards
involves the application of science and engineering for the direct or indirect use of aquatic organisms or parts or products of living aquatic organisms in their natural or modified forms.
Aquatic biotechnology
cultivation of aquatic animals and aquatic plants for recreational or commercial purposes.
Aquaculture
________ is one of the youngest biotechnology approaches. The ____ ecosystem has rich biodiversity, and the organism themselves contain vital ________ compounds with a wide array of uses
in medicine, environment, and other industries.
Marine biotechnology, marine, biochemical
Aquaculture practices are used world-wide in three types of environment
1.Freshwater
2. Brackish water
3. Marine
Various aquatic organisms use in aquaculture
fish
seaweeds & macrophytes
mollusks
crustaceans
Other minor invertebrates, such as echinoderms, coelenterates, seahorses
process of production and consumption of aquaculture production (5)
production
harvesting
processing
marketing
utilization
types of aquaculture (intensity)
intensive
semi-intensive
extensive
fed with complete diets at high density
intensive aquaculture
fertilized pond and sometimes supplementary feed at low density
semi-intensive
some management but fish mainly fed by natural productivity
extensive
types of aquaculture (culture species)
fish (marine, brackish, freshwater)
molluscs (oysters, mussles, clams)
crustaceans (shrimp, crayfishes)
plants (seaweeds)
types of aquaculture
based on location
based on culture intensity
based on culture species
Components of aquatic biotechnology
Aquaculture biotechnology
Aquatic bioprocessing
Aquatic bioremediation
(e.g., Fish health and broodstock optimization);
Aquaculture biotechnology
(e.g., Obtaining valuable compounds from marine organisms);
Aquatic bioprocessing
(e.g., Use of microorganisms to degrade toxic chemicals in the aquatic environment).
Aquatic bioremediation
categories of aquaculture (2)
fed
unfed
-all nutrients added are not fully utilized by fishes
-excess nutrients are released into the environment
-criticized as net resource losers
fed aquaculture
-no artificial feeding
non-fed aquaculture
Raising more than one species in same
environment.
polyculture
____ fish are ones that receive genetic coding
from another sources.
Commonly created by injecting the ________ into the
embryo in ____ stage of development.
Transgenic, transgene,blastocyst
____ fish contain three sets of genetic information.
They are commonly created when ____ gametes are
fertilized by ____ gametes.
Triploid, diploid, haploid
reproductive biotechnology techniques (4)
- broodstock maturation control
- gamete cryopreservation
- chromosome set manipulation
- controlled sex differentiation
advanced/delayed/synchronized spawning
broodstock maturation control
transport of gametes, directed gene flow, gene banking
gamete cryopreservation
induced sterility, gyno/androgenesis
chromosome set manipulation
gender control, single sex
controlled sex manipulation
genetic conditon where 3 sets of chromosomes are present
triploidy
triploid oysters are ____, thus they maintain quality all-year round
sterile
chemical that induces triploid oyster
cytochalasin B
how does cytochalasin work
by disrupting 2nd meiosis
role of biotech in aquaculture
reproduction
nutrition
growth
health
a group of hormones that stimulate reproduction, were produced in small amounts by extraction and purification
fish gonadotropin
Some species are male in the early stages of their life cycle, and turn female on the later stages
protandrous hermaphrodite
Some species are female in the early stages of their life cycle, and turn male on the later stages
protogynous hermaphrodite
Through ____, sex of the species can be
regulated as it reaches maturity.
genetic engineering
what role of biotech is being considered in this?
what genes were genetically transferred in salmonid fishes to improve carbohydrate metabolism ?
nutrition
glucose transporter and hexokinase genes
traditional disease diagnosis involves analysis of what?
cells and tissues of organisms
enables accurate identification of pathogens in marine organisms even without visual symptoms of the disease.
PCR
growth promotion through transgenic research on commercially imporant fishes is achieved through?
transfering growth hormones
hastens the breakdown of toxic organotin compounds in seawater.
pyoverdin
pyoverdin is produced by what?
Immobilized cells of bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis
Other studies have also shown that some marine organisms produce eco-friendly chemicals like ________ and ________ which can be used in environmental waste management and treatment.
biopolymers and biosurfactants
____ from ____ is one of the economically viable
ways to reduce fossil fuel consumption.
biofuels, microalgae
considered better sources of biofuels than higher plants because of their high oil content; ease of propagation.
microalgae
________ after oil extraction can be used as feed or fertilizer or ________ to produce ethanol or methane;
Residual biomass, fermented
Microalgae with superior biomass productivity and lipid content include:
Chlorella, Tetraselmis, Chaetoceros,
Isochrysis, Skeletonema, and Nannochloropsis.
Aquaculture contain high level of
__________ (PCBs) which can
cause cancer.
polychlorinated biphenyls
