bioethics Flashcards
from the greek word”ethos”
ethics
–behavior or custom that is permanent
ethics
Latin word for morals
mos or moris
Basic human behaviors that are specific & inherit to human beings
ethics
Natural to human which confers and develops goodness in them.
ethics
identifies a code of values for our
actions
ethics
area of ethics that deals with the implications of biological research and biotechnological applications
on humanity.
bioethics
A branch of applied ethics that studies the
philosophical, social, and legal issues
arising in medicine and the life sciences.
bioethics
chiefly concerned with human life and
well-being, though it sometimes also
treats ethical questions relating to the non
human biological environment.
bioethics
aims to figure out what the
right thing is to do or what the best
course of action is. It helps people
decide how to behave and how to
treat one another and what values
should prevail.
ethics
he coined the term bioethics
Van Rensselaer Potter
ELSI meaning
Ethical, Legal, and Social Isses
Principles of Medical Ethics (4)
- principle of respect for autonomy
- principle of nonmaleficence
- principle of beneficence
- principle of justice
This principle is set for the practice of “informed
consent” in the physician/patient connection or transaction regarding health care.
Principle of respect for autonomy
This principle describes ethics
related not to cause harm or injury to the patient intentionally.
Principle of nonmaleficence
The idea behind of this principle is that health care
providers have a duty to be concerned about the benefit to the patient, and also to
take positive steps to remove the harm from the patient.
Principle of beneficence
It implies the fairness of the health care to patients regardless
of their gender, race or religion. All are equally qualified for the equal treatments.
Principle of justice
a less than a decade-old gene-editing technology that has revolutionized the field of medical research and biotechnology owing to its efficiency, simplicity, and
cost-effectiveness.
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats).
It finds the target DNA sequence in the cell and
performs desired edits to the gene sequence, all by itself.
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats).
Concerns regarding CRISPR (4)
- germline editing concerns
- biosafety concerns
- ecological disequilibrium
- regulatory bypass
involves making genetic modifications to human embryos and reproductive cells.
Germline Editing
CRISPR, in the wrong hands, could bring in new
dangers. It can be used to make dangerous pathogens more potent.
Biosafety concerns
As genetically engineered organisms are introduced, they can reduce the genetic diversity of the targeted population. As this organism can spread to other populations through cross-breeding, it can also affect the genetic diversity of these populations.
ecological disequilibrium
Ethical Issues involved in CRISPR (3)
- safety
- justice and equity
- informed consent
edits in the wrong place
off-target effects
only some cells carry the edits from genetic manipulation
mosaicism
Genome editing, like many other new technologies, is accessible mainly to rich people in society. This has the potential to increase existing disparities in access to healthcare and other interventions.
justice & equity
the chemical synthesis of a DNA sequence
that represents one or more genes.
Artificial gene synthesis (AGS)
The technology broadens the scope of biological experiments by providing a method to efficiently produce long stretches of natural and non-natural nucleic acid sequences.
AGS technology
used to make custom plasmid optimize gene expression, produce recombinant antibodies, study mutant genes, and even design and synthesize DNA vaccines.
gene synthesis
*In ____, scientists typically stitch together long stretches of DNA and insert them into an organism’s genome. These synthesized pieces of DNA could be genes that are found in other organisms or they could be entirely new.
synthetic biology
in ________, scientists typically use tools to make smaller changes to the organism’s DNA.
genome editing
can be used to
delete or add small stretches of DNA in the genome.
genome editing tools
ethical issues in AGS (4)
- playinng God
- Organisms or machine
- misuse of knowledge
- who would be responsible
creation of entities that fall somewhere between living
things and machines.
Organisms or machines?
accessibility and advantages of this technology
make it a potentially attractive instrument, for example, for bioterrorism.
misuse of knowledge
AGS will enable humans to create life from non-living,
inorganic matter. The concern is that humans fail to recognize their limitations, for example, by overestimating
their ability to control complex ecosystems.
playing God
