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Biology > Plant And Animals Cells > Flashcards

Plant And Animals Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is in an animal cell?

A

-nucleus
-mitochondrion
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm

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2
Q

What is in a plant cell?

A

-chloroplast
-vacuole
-cytoplasm
-mitochondrion
-cell membrane
-nucleus
-cell wall

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3
Q

What kind of process is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is a passive process as it takes time for things to fully diffuse in the air

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4
Q

Active transport

A

-how minerals get into root hair cells
-against a concentration gradient

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

High —> Low concentration

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6
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

A sugar, phosphate group and a base

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7
Q

What is a light microscope

A

The microscope passes light through an object placed on a slide on the stage,then through two glass lenses (the objective lens and the eyepiece lens) the lenses magnify the object, so when you view it through the eyepiece you see it in more detail

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8
Q

Why stain cells?

A

Many cells are colourless so staining them makes them easier to observe

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9
Q

Staining methylene blue makes what type of cell easier to see?

A

Animal cells

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10
Q

Staining iodine makes what type of cell easier to see?

A

Plant cell nuclei

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11
Q

Staining crystal violet makes what type of cell easier to see?

A

Bacterial cell walls

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12
Q

What is the calculation for total magnification?

A

Total magnification = eyepiece lens x objective lens magnification

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13
Q

What is an electron microscope?

A

Electron microscopes use electrons instead of light to produce an image.

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of electron microscopes?

A

-Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)
-scanning electron microscopes
(SEM)

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15
Q

Pros and cons of light microscopes

A

-cheap to buy and operate
-small and portable
-simple to prepare and sample
-natural colour of sample is seen unless staining is used
-specimens can be living or dead
-resolution up to 0.2um(2x10^-7)

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16
Q

Pros and cons of electron microscopes

A

-expensive to buy and operate
-large and difficult to move
-sample preparation is complex
-black and white images produced;false colour can be added to image
-specimens are dead
-resolution up to 0.1nm(1x10^-10m)

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17
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

Chlorophyll is the green pigment need for photosynthesis

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18
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes are single-called organisms without a nucleus (most are bacteria)

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19
Q

Which sub cellular structures do prokaryotic cells contain?

A

-cytoplasm
-cell membrane
-genetic material
-cell wall

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20
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

A “jellylike” substance where chemical reactions happen

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21
Q

What is a cell membrane

A

A barrier that controls which substances enter and leave the cell

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22
Q

Cell wall purpose

A

Holds the cell together and protects it

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23
Q

About prokaryotic cells

A

-Do not contain a nucleus
-their genetic material floats in the cytoplasm
-they are simple cells
Most have a size from 1um to 10um

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24
Q

About eukaryotic cells

A

-contains genetic material in a nucleus
-they are complex and relatively large
-between 10um and 100um
-plant and animal cells are eukaryotic

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25
Q

What do eukaryotic cells contain?

A

-nucleus
-mitochondrion
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm

26
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Controls the activities of the cell.
It contains the organisms genetic material, arranged as chromosomes.
This determines the cells appearance and function. The nucleus also contains instructions to make new cells or new organisms.

27
Q

What is Mitochondrion?(plural of mitochondria)

A

Where respiration happens. Special protein molecules called enzymes, enable glucose and oxygen to react together. The reactions transfer vital energy to the organism.

28
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

This is full of cell sap, a watery solution of sugar and salts. It helps to keep the cell rigid, so supporting the plant and keeping it upright.

29
Q

What does the cell wall do in a plant cell?

A

This surrounds the cell. It is made of a tough fibre called cellulose. It make the wall rigid and supports the cell.

30
Q

What does chloroplast do in a plant cell?

A

These contain green chlorophyll. Chlorophyll transfers energy from the sun to the plant as light, which is used in photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are in only the green parts of the plant.

31
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process by which plants make their food

32
Q

How do plants make their food?

A

Plants have to take in
-carbon dioxide
-water

33
Q

How do plants get their water?

A

Water enters their roots through their root hair cells by osmosis

34
Q

How do plants take in carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses into the air into the plant through the stomata

35
Q

How does the plant make the food with carbons dioxide and water?

A

They react together to make glucose, which the plant uses as a food source.
Oxygen is also produced. Some of this oxygen is used by the plant in respiration. The rest of this waste product is released back into the environment

36
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

37
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Photosynthesis takes place in the plants chloroplasts. This means that photosynthesis mainly occurs in the leaf, but a small amount happens in the green stem.

38
Q

Why are leaves and stems green?

A

They contain the pigment chlorophyll inside their chloroplasts.

39
Q

How can you show that light,chlorophyll and carbon dioxide are essential for photosynthesis?

A

By testing a leaf for the presence of starch. A plant will convert glucose into starch if not used immediately.

40
Q

What is the formula for the rate of photosynthesis ?

A

Rate = 1/t’

41
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

42
Q

How long does diffusion occur for?

A

Until the concentration of particles if the same everywhere

43
Q

How is the upper top epidermal layer of a leaf good for photosynthesis?

A

-It has no chloroplasts
-transparent to allow light to enter

44
Q

How is a waxy article layer good for a leaf?

A

-Prevents water loss
-faces the sun —> heats up a lot so water evaporation is minimised
-prevents micro organisms from e entering
-prevents infection

45
Q

What does the vascular bundle consist of?

A

The xylem and the phloem

46
Q

What does the spongey mesophyll layer do?

A

Lots of air spaces to allow gas —> CO2
-Allows gas exchange O2 + water vapour

47
Q

What does the palisade mesophyll layer do?

A

-Palisade cells (specialised)
-Have lots of chloroplasts
-Capture more light for photosynthesis

48
Q

What does the lower epidermal layer do?

A

It’s transparent
-has guard cells
-has stomata and no chloroplasts
-small pores to at the bottom of the leaf to allow gases in and out

49
Q

What is mass flow?

A

The movement of water and nutrients from the root through the xylem and phloem vessels to areas of the plant -e.g the leaves, stem and roots

50
Q

What kind of pressure is mass flow?

A

From an area of high pressure to low pressure

51
Q

How are vessels organised in mass flow

A

Vessels are organised in vascular bundles

52
Q

In the root:

A

Used for transport and support

-withstand forces that may pull the plant out of the ground
-anchoring the plant down

53
Q

In the stem:

A

-can withstand forces caused by the wind (don’t break)
-used to support- strengthen the stem (to withstand compression forces)

54
Q

Xylem vessels:

A

-Transports water and mineral ions
-one way direction of flow from roots to leaves/stem
-involved with the transportation stream

55
Q

Phloem tubes:

A

-transports dissolved sugars and amino acids
-movement of substance is bidirectional e.g leaves to meristem, storage tissue
-involved in translation

56
Q

Characteristics of xylem:

A

Made from living cells:
No

Substances transported:
Water and mineral ions

Process of transportation:
Transpiration

Direction of flow:
One way/ upwards
(Roots to leaves)

Presence of end walls:
No

Cell wall material:
Log in and cellulose

57
Q

Characteristics of phloem:

A

Made from living cells:
Yes(companion cells)

Substances transported:
Glucose and amino acids

Process of transportation:
Translocation

Direction of flow:
Bidirectional/ two ways (leaves to rest of plant)

Presence of end walls:
Yes

Cell wall material:
Cellulose

58
Q

What is a cell?

A

The smallest unit of life that can replicate independently

59
Q

Turgor pressure

A

The force within a cell which pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall

60
Q

Plasmalised

A

When the cell membrane comes away from the cell wall

Biology (11 decks)

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