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Biology 1/2 > plant And Animal systems > Flashcards

plant And Animal systems Flashcards

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1
Q

photosynthesis worded equation

A

carbon dioxide + water ——-> glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

photosynthesis chemical equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ——–> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

what does photosynthesis create

A

glucose

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4
Q

what energy does photosynthesis use

A

sunlight energy

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5
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

chloroplast

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6
Q

why is photosynthesis important for plants

A

Plants are autotrophs meaning they cannot consume food so they need to make it on their own

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7
Q

what does heterotroph mean and give an example of who is involves

A

Heterotrophs can consume their energy so they do not need to make it. Eg. animals

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8
Q

What are the phases of photosynthesis

A

Phase 1- light reaction
Phase 2- Calvin cycle

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9
Q

Where does phase 1 of photosynthesis occur

A

Thylakoid membrane

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10
Q

Where does phase 2 of photosynthesis occur

A

Stroma

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11
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of light reaction in photosynthesis

A

Inputs- Water, light energy
Outputs- ATP, NADPH, O2

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12
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the calvin cycle in photosynthesis

A

Inputs- ATP, NADPH, CO2
Outputs- Glucose (ADP & NADP)

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13
Q

which phase of photosynthesis is light required for

A

Phase 1

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14
Q

Worded equation for cellular respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen —–> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

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15
Q

Chemical equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H10O6 + 6O2 ——-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

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16
Q

which respiration requires oxygen

A

Aerobic respiration

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17
Q

what are the two steps of aerobic respiration

A

1- Glycolysis
2- Krebs cycle

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18
Q

What occurs during Glycolysis

A

1 molecule of glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate. doesn’t need oxygen, makes 2 ATP, occurs in cytosol.

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19
Q

what occurs in Krebs Cycle

A

the 2 pyruvate molecules go to mitochondria , creates carbon dioxide. Makes 32 ATP.

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20
Q

What are the steps of Anaerobic Respiration

A

1- Glycolysis
2- two pyruvate molecules stay in cytosol but need to be disposed of. undergo fermentation to create lactic acid or alcohol

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21
Q

in animals what is made in anaerobic respiration

A

lactic acid + 2ATP

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22
Q

in plants what is made in anaerobic respiration

A

alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP

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23
Q

what is the xylem made up of

A

dead cells

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24
Q

which direction does xylem go in

A

upwards

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25
Q

what does xylem transport and where to and from

A

water from roots to leaves

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26
Q

what is the phloem made of

A

living cells

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27
Q

what does the phloem transport, where to and from

A

sugars from leaves to growing parts and storage organs all around cell

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28
Q

which direction does phloem transport to

A

upwards and downwards

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29
Q

what is transpiration

A

the evaporation of water from leaves through the stomata. Xylem.

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30
Q

What is the cohesion adhesion theory

A

water sticks to itself (cohesion) and to cell walls (adhesion) which helps it to be pulled upwards

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31
Q

Is xylem passive

A

Yes it is passive

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32
Q

is phloem passive

A

no, it requires ATP energy so it is an active process

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33
Q

what is translocation

A

the transport of sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to the sinks (eg fruit). Phloem

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34
Q

ATP is

A

A useable form of energy

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35
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

physically breaking down food to increase SA:V

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36
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

uses chemicals to breakdown chemicals into smaller, useable molecules

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37
Q

What is the path of the digestive system

A

The mouth, the oesophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine, the rectum and finally the anus

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38
Q

where is bile produced

A

the pancreas

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39
Q

what is bile

A

mostly water, has active ingredients of bile salts or bile acids.

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40
Q

where is bile stored

A

the gall bladder

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41
Q

what does the pancreas produce

A

the enzymes amylase and lipase.

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42
Q

how is the mouth involved in digestion

A

mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (amylase released)

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43
Q

what prevents the bolus from entering the windpipe

A

the epiglottis

44
Q

what is the food called when it is in the mouth

A

a bolus

45
Q

where does the bolus travel to get from the mouth to the stomach

A

the oesophagus

46
Q

what does the oesophagus use

A

peristalsis

47
Q

what is peristalsis

A

muscular contractions

48
Q

how is the stomach involved in digestion

A

produces chemicals to break down food

49
Q

what chemicals does the stomach produce

A

Hydrochloric acid, pepsin and lipase

50
Q

does the stomach use mechanical digestion

A

yes

51
Q

what is the food called when it reaches the stomach

A

chyme

52
Q

what does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach

A

denatures proteins and converts pepsinogen into pepsin and lipase

53
Q

what does the small intestine do

A

allows nutrients cross over into blood for the body to use

54
Q

what 3 parts is the small intestine made of

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

55
Q

what does the duodenum do

A

receives chyme and releases chemicals to stimulate the release of bile

56
Q

how is the large intestine involved in digestion

A

it is where the leftovers go. water is absorbed and faeces is formed.

57
Q

what does the large intestine use

A

peristalsis

58
Q

what is faeces made of

A

bacteria, undigested food, fibre water and mucus

59
Q

what is the food called in the large intestine

A

faeces

60
Q

where is faeces stored

A

the rectum

61
Q

where does the faeces leave the body from

A

the anus

62
Q

what are 4 enzymes

A

amylase, pepsin, lipase and trypsin

63
Q

explain amylase

A

carbohydrases, breaks down starch into glucose. made in salivary glands and pacreas. released into mouth and duedenum

64
Q

explain pepsin

A

proteases. breaks down proteins. produced in pancreas and released into duodenum.

65
Q

explain lipase

A

lipases. breaks down lipids in stomach. produced in pancreas released into duodenum

66
Q

explain trypsin

A

proteases. breaks down proteins. made in pancreas, released into duodenum.

67
Q

primary structure of an enzyme

A

simplest protein structure

68
Q

what are the structures of enzymes based on

A

refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

69
Q

secondary structure of an enzyme

A

folded structures that form due to bonds between amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

70
Q

tertiary structure of an enzyme

A

3 dimensional structure of a polypeptide.

71
Q

quaternary structure of an enzyme

A

when a protein has two or more polypeptide chains contributing to its structure.

72
Q

denaturing proteins

A

when a protein loses its higher order structure, but not its primary sequence.

73
Q

what are enzymes

A

are biological catalysts that speed up reactions

74
Q

what are molecules that bind to an enzymes active site called

A

substrate

75
Q

when is an active site created in an enzyme

A

when a tertiary or quaternary shape is formed.

76
Q

what are the molecules released from an enzyme called

A

products

77
Q

what is an enzyme substrate complex

A

when the substrate binds to an active site

78
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

a cluster of capillaries

79
Q

what does endothermic mean

A

organisms can control their body temp through homeostasis (humans)

80
Q

what does exothermic mean

A

organisms body temp fluctuates with external environment

81
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

the maintenance of body temperature that enables cells to function effectively

82
Q

what is a negative feedback loop

A

when change is detected a response occurs to produce a change that counteracts stimulus.

83
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in external environment

84
Q

what is the purpose of the excretory system

A

to remove unwanted, excess or toxic waste products

85
Q

what organs are involved in the excretory system and what is their function

A

kidneys- filter the blood
ureters- carry urine from kidneys to bladder
bladder- temporarily stores urine
urethra- tube through which urine leaves body

86
Q

what are the internal structures of the kidney and what is their purpose

A

cortex- filters things out of blood
medulla- reabsorbs important nutrients that are accidently filtered out
pelvis- where all the filtrate us collected before travelling through the ureter

87
Q

what is the kidney made up of

A

nephrons

88
Q

what is the nephrons function

A

to make the urine

89
Q

where does filtration occur and what does it involve

A

bowmans capsule. removes small uncharged substances from the bloodstream into the nephron

90
Q

where does reabsorption occur and what does it involve

A

occurs in tubules and loop of Henle. water and nutrients re returned from filtrate back into bloodstream

91
Q

were does secretion occur and what does it involve

A

collecting tubule. the active transport of substances from the blood into the distal tubules.

92
Q

what are hormones

A

molecules made by glands that travel via bloodstream to where elicit a response.

93
Q

what does the endocrine system do

A

communicates body functions using internal and external information

94
Q

what happens if the internal body temp is not optimal

A

enzymes have optimal temperatures so it can affect enzymes function. Too high can denature proteins.

95
Q

what does insulin do

A

causes glucose to be stored as glycogen by the liver

96
Q

what is glycogen

A

stored glucose

97
Q

what does glucogen do

A

causes glycogen to be broken down by the liver back into glucose

98
Q

what do beta cells do

A

secrete insulin when blood sugar increases

99
Q

when might insulin be released

A

after a meal

100
Q

what do alpha cells do

A

secrete glucagon when blood sugar drops

101
Q

when might glucagon be released

A

after a bout of exercise

102
Q

what is hyperglycemia

A

high blood sugar

103
Q

what is hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar

104
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

pancreas fails to make insulin so glucose isn’t absorbed by body cells

105
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

resistance to effects of insulin and gradual loss of ability to produce insulin

Biology 1/2 (10 decks)

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