plant And Animal systems Flashcards
photosynthesis worded equation
carbon dioxide + water ——-> glucose + oxygen
photosynthesis chemical equation
6CO2 + 6H2O ——–> C6H12O6 + 6O2
what does photosynthesis create
glucose
what energy does photosynthesis use
sunlight energy
where does photosynthesis occur
chloroplast
why is photosynthesis important for plants
Plants are autotrophs meaning they cannot consume food so they need to make it on their own
what does heterotroph mean and give an example of who is involves
Heterotrophs can consume their energy so they do not need to make it. Eg. animals
What are the phases of photosynthesis
Phase 1- light reaction
Phase 2- Calvin cycle
Where does phase 1 of photosynthesis occur
Thylakoid membrane
Where does phase 2 of photosynthesis occur
Stroma
What are the inputs and outputs of light reaction in photosynthesis
Inputs- Water, light energy
Outputs- ATP, NADPH, O2
What are the inputs and outputs of the calvin cycle in photosynthesis
Inputs- ATP, NADPH, CO2
Outputs- Glucose (ADP & NADP)
which phase of photosynthesis is light required for
Phase 1
Worded equation for cellular respiration
Glucose + Oxygen —–> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
Chemical equation for cellular respiration
C6H10O6 + 6O2 ——-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
which respiration requires oxygen
Aerobic respiration
what are the two steps of aerobic respiration
1- Glycolysis
2- Krebs cycle
What occurs during Glycolysis
1 molecule of glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate. doesn’t need oxygen, makes 2 ATP, occurs in cytosol.
what occurs in Krebs Cycle
the 2 pyruvate molecules go to mitochondria , creates carbon dioxide. Makes 32 ATP.
What are the steps of Anaerobic Respiration
1- Glycolysis
2- two pyruvate molecules stay in cytosol but need to be disposed of. undergo fermentation to create lactic acid or alcohol
in animals what is made in anaerobic respiration
lactic acid + 2ATP
in plants what is made in anaerobic respiration
alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP
what is the xylem made up of
dead cells
which direction does xylem go in
upwards
what does xylem transport and where to and from
water from roots to leaves
what is the phloem made of
living cells
what does the phloem transport, where to and from
sugars from leaves to growing parts and storage organs all around cell
which direction does phloem transport to
upwards and downwards
what is transpiration
the evaporation of water from leaves through the stomata. Xylem.
What is the cohesion adhesion theory
water sticks to itself (cohesion) and to cell walls (adhesion) which helps it to be pulled upwards
Is xylem passive
Yes it is passive
is phloem passive
no, it requires ATP energy so it is an active process
what is translocation
the transport of sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to the sinks (eg fruit). Phloem
ATP is
A useable form of energy
what is mechanical digestion
physically breaking down food to increase SA:V
what is chemical digestion
uses chemicals to breakdown chemicals into smaller, useable molecules
What is the path of the digestive system
The mouth, the oesophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine, the rectum and finally the anus
where is bile produced
the pancreas
what is bile
mostly water, has active ingredients of bile salts or bile acids.
where is bile stored
the gall bladder
what does the pancreas produce
the enzymes amylase and lipase.
how is the mouth involved in digestion
mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (amylase released)
what prevents the bolus from entering the windpipe
the epiglottis
what is the food called when it is in the mouth
a bolus
where does the bolus travel to get from the mouth to the stomach
the oesophagus
what does the oesophagus use
peristalsis
what is peristalsis
muscular contractions
how is the stomach involved in digestion
produces chemicals to break down food
what chemicals does the stomach produce
Hydrochloric acid, pepsin and lipase
does the stomach use mechanical digestion
yes
what is the food called when it reaches the stomach
chyme
what does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach
denatures proteins and converts pepsinogen into pepsin and lipase
what does the small intestine do
allows nutrients cross over into blood for the body to use
what 3 parts is the small intestine made of
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
what does the duodenum do
receives chyme and releases chemicals to stimulate the release of bile
how is the large intestine involved in digestion
it is where the leftovers go. water is absorbed and faeces is formed.
what does the large intestine use
peristalsis
what is faeces made of
bacteria, undigested food, fibre water and mucus
what is the food called in the large intestine
faeces
where is faeces stored
the rectum
where does the faeces leave the body from
the anus
what are 4 enzymes
amylase, pepsin, lipase and trypsin
explain amylase
carbohydrases, breaks down starch into glucose. made in salivary glands and pacreas. released into mouth and duedenum
explain pepsin
proteases. breaks down proteins. produced in pancreas and released into duodenum.
explain lipase
lipases. breaks down lipids in stomach. produced in pancreas released into duodenum
explain trypsin
proteases. breaks down proteins. made in pancreas, released into duodenum.
primary structure of an enzyme
simplest protein structure
what are the structures of enzymes based on
refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
secondary structure of an enzyme
folded structures that form due to bonds between amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
tertiary structure of an enzyme
3 dimensional structure of a polypeptide.
quaternary structure of an enzyme
when a protein has two or more polypeptide chains contributing to its structure.
denaturing proteins
when a protein loses its higher order structure, but not its primary sequence.
what are enzymes
are biological catalysts that speed up reactions
what are molecules that bind to an enzymes active site called
substrate
when is an active site created in an enzyme
when a tertiary or quaternary shape is formed.
what are the molecules released from an enzyme called
products
what is an enzyme substrate complex
when the substrate binds to an active site
what is the glomerulus
a cluster of capillaries
what does endothermic mean
organisms can control their body temp through homeostasis (humans)
what does exothermic mean
organisms body temp fluctuates with external environment
what is thermoregulation
the maintenance of body temperature that enables cells to function effectively
what is a negative feedback loop
when change is detected a response occurs to produce a change that counteracts stimulus.
what is homeostasis
maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in external environment
what is the purpose of the excretory system
to remove unwanted, excess or toxic waste products
what organs are involved in the excretory system and what is their function
kidneys- filter the blood
ureters- carry urine from kidneys to bladder
bladder- temporarily stores urine
urethra- tube through which urine leaves body
what are the internal structures of the kidney and what is their purpose
cortex- filters things out of blood
medulla- reabsorbs important nutrients that are accidently filtered out
pelvis- where all the filtrate us collected before travelling through the ureter
what is the kidney made up of
nephrons
what is the nephrons function
to make the urine
where does filtration occur and what does it involve
bowmans capsule. removes small uncharged substances from the bloodstream into the nephron
where does reabsorption occur and what does it involve
occurs in tubules and loop of Henle. water and nutrients re returned from filtrate back into bloodstream
were does secretion occur and what does it involve
collecting tubule. the active transport of substances from the blood into the distal tubules.
what are hormones
molecules made by glands that travel via bloodstream to where elicit a response.
what does the endocrine system do
communicates body functions using internal and external information
what happens if the internal body temp is not optimal
enzymes have optimal temperatures so it can affect enzymes function. Too high can denature proteins.
what does insulin do
causes glucose to be stored as glycogen by the liver
what is glycogen
stored glucose
what does glucogen do
causes glycogen to be broken down by the liver back into glucose
what do beta cells do
secrete insulin when blood sugar increases
when might insulin be released
after a meal
what do alpha cells do
secrete glucagon when blood sugar drops
when might glucagon be released
after a bout of exercise
what is hyperglycemia
high blood sugar
what is hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
what is type 1 diabetes
pancreas fails to make insulin so glucose isn’t absorbed by body cells
what is type 2 diabetes
resistance to effects of insulin and gradual loss of ability to produce insulin
