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CHMM > Planning for Materials with Hazards > Flashcards

Planning for Materials with Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What is FWPCA?

A

Federal Water Pollution Control Act

Also known as Clean Water Act

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2
Q

What is the major goal of the clean water act (CWA)?

A

To bring the integrity of all bodies of water in the united States to fishable and swimmable conditions

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3
Q

What are “point” and “non-point” sources?

A

A point source of pollution originates from a single identifiable source, such as a discharge pipe from a factory or sewage plant.

A non-point source of pollution is a source that issues from widely distributed or pervasive environmental elements such a cattle.

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4
Q

What is NPDES?

A

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.

This was created by the FWPCA and requires that a NPDES permit be obtained from the EPA before discharging and pollutants into bodies of water. This permit must be renewed every 5 years.

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5
Q

What is BACT?

A

Best Available and Practicable Control Technology.

FWPCA requires industrial facilities to meet discharge limits set by the EPA. To meet these limits companies must use BACTs for treatment prior to discharge.

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6
Q

What is a POTW?

A

Publicly Owned Treatment Works

Any indirect discharges to a POTW must be pretreated by the discharging facility to ensure that the POTW does not exceed the limits of its NPDES permit

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7
Q

How long does data used by an NPDES applicant be retained?

A

No less than 3 years

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8
Q

What is Anti-Backsliding?

A

Anti-Backsliding prohibits renewal, reissuance, or modification of an existing NPDES permit that contains effluents limits, permit conditions, or standards that are less stringent than those established in the previous permit.

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9
Q

Clean Water Act (CWA) section 304(a)(4) designates which pollutants as “conventional”?

A

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Fecal Coliform Bacteria
pH
Oil
Grease

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10
Q

What is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)?

A

BOD represents the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms while they decompose organic matter under aerobic (oxygen is present) conditions at a specified temperature.

BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to remove waste organic matter from water in the process of decomposition by aerobic bacteria

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11
Q

What is RCRA?

A

The Resource Conservation and recovery Act was passed in 1976 to deal with how to safely dispose non-hazardous as well as hazardous waste in the United States. RCRA was an amendment to the Solid Waste Disposal Act.

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12
Q

What are the goals of RCRA?

A

The goals of RCRA are to protect human health and the environment, reduce waste, conserve energy and resources, and waste reduction and elimination.

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13
Q

What does RCRA subtitle D deal with?

A

Management of non-hazardous solid Waste

A non-hazardous solid waste facility which does not meet certain “minimum technical standards” is referred to as an “open dump” and must either be upgraded or stopped.

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14
Q

What does RCRA subtitle C deal with?

A

Management of hazardous waste

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15
Q

What does RCRA subtitle I deal with?

A

Regulates underground storage tanks

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16
Q

What does RCRA subtitle J deal with?

A

Standards for the Tracking and Management of Medical Waste

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17
Q

Under RCRA, what is a “solid waste”?

A

A solid waste can be a solid, semi-solid, liquid, or contained gas

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18
Q

What is a TSDF?

A

Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilites

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19
Q

Under RCRA, what is a hazardous waste?

A

A hazardous waste is a solid waste, which has one or more of the four characteristics of ignitability, corrosivity, toxicity, or reactivity or is a “listed waste” or is a mixture containing a hazardous waste.

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20
Q

What is the definition of the characteristic of ignitability?

A

Liquids with a flashpoint below 60 C, non-liquids that cause fire through specific conditions, ignitable compressed gases and oxidizers.

Waste Code D001

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21
Q

What is the definition of the characteristic of corrosivity?

A

Aqueous wastes with a pH <= 2 or a pH >= 12.5 or based on the liquids ability to corrode steel.

Waste Code D002

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22
Q

What is the definition of the characteristic of reactivity?

A

May be unstable under normal conditions, may react with water, may give off toxic gases and may be capable of detonation or explosion under normal conditions or when heated.

Waste Code D003

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23
Q

What is the definition of the characteristic of toxicity?

A

Harmful when ingested or absorbed. These waste are a concern because they may be able to leach from waste and pollute groundwater.

Waste Codes D004-D043

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24
Q

What is on the F-list?

A

The F-list identifies wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes as hazardous. Because the processes generating these wastes can occur in different sectors of industry, the F list wastes are known as wastes from non-specific sources.

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25
Q

What is on the K-list?

A

The K-list identifies hazardous wastes from specific sectors of industry and manufacturing and are considered source-specific wastes.

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26
Q

What is on the P-list?

A

The P-list identifies acute hazardous wastes from discarded commercial chemical products.

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27
Q

What is on the U-list?

A

The U-list identifies hazardous wastes from discarded commercial chemical products.

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28
Q

What is flashpoint?

A

the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor within a test vessel in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid.

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29
Q

What is TCLP?

A

Toxicity Characteristic Leaching procedure

TCLP simulates what happens to a waste product during leaching. It’s an extraction method used for the chemical analysis of a substance.

This test is required to determine if your waste has the characteristic of toxicity.

30
Q

What are conditionally exempt small quantity generators?

A

These are generators that produce less than 100 kg of hazardous waste per month.

These facilities are exempt from many of the rules.

31
Q

What are small quantity generators?

A

These are generators that generate between 100 - 1000 kg of hazardous waste per month.

32
Q

What are large quantity generators?

A

These generators produce more than 1000 kg per month.

33
Q

How long can a large quantity generator store waste on site without a permit?

A

90 days

34
Q

How long can a small quantity generator store waste on site without a permit?

A

180 days

35
Q

Who is required to have an EPA ID number?

A

Small and Large quantity generators and transporters

36
Q

What is EPA’s hazardous waste manifest system?

A

EPA’s hazardous waste manifest system is designed to track hazardous waste from the time it leaves the generator facility where it was produced, until it reaches the off-site waste management facility that will store, treat or dispose of the hazardous waste.

37
Q

A generator of hazardous waste, who does not receive a signed copy of the manifest from the TSDF facility within _________, must file an exemption report with the EPA.

A

45

38
Q

What is RCRA corrective action?

A

Corrective Action is a requirement under RCRA that facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous wastes investigate and clean up hazardous releases into soil, ground water, surface water, and air.

39
Q

How are RCRA corrective actions implemented?

A

Corrective action is principally implemented through RCRA permits and orders. Permits issued to TSDFs must include provisions for corrective action as well as financial assurance to cover the costs of implementing those cleanup measures.

40
Q

How are facilities brought into the RCRA corrective action process?

A

Facilities are brought into the corrective action process when there is an identified release of hazardous waste or hazardous constituents, or when EPA is considering a treatment, storage, and disposal facility RCRA permit application.

41
Q

What is the OPA?

A

Oil Pollution Act

The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 streamlined and strengthened EPA’s ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. A trust fund financed by a tax on oil is available to clean up spills when the responsible party is incapable or unwilling to do so. The OPA requires oil storage facilities and vessels to submit to the Federal government plans detailing how they will respond to large discharges.

EPA’s oil spill prevention program includes the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) and the Facility Response Plan (FRP) rules. The SPCC rule helps facilities prevent a discharge of oil into navigable waters or adjoining shorelines. The FRP rule requires certain facilities to submit a response plan and prepare to respond to a worst case oil discharge or threat of a discharge.

42
Q

What is SPCC?

A

Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure

Due to the danger oil spills cause to public health and the environment, every effort must be made to prevent oil spills and to clean them up promptly once they occur. The purpose of the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) rule is to help facilities prevent a discharge of oil into navigable waters or adjoining shorelines. The SPCC rule requires facilities to develop, maintain, and implement an oil spill prevention plan, called an SPCC Plan. These Plans help facilities prevent oil spill, as well as control a spill should one occur.

SPCC applies to a facility that:

Stores, transfers, uses or consumes oil or oil products, such as diesel fuel, gasoline, lube oil, hydraulic oil, adjuvant oil, crop oil, vegetable oil or animal fat; and Stores more than 1,320 U.S. gallons in total of all aboveground containers (only count containers with 55 gallons or greater storage capacity) or more than 42,000 gallons in completely buried containers; and Could reasonably be expected to discharge oil to navigable waters of the U.S. or adjoining shorelines, such as lakes, rivers and streams.

43
Q

What are universal wastes?

A

EPA’s universal waste regulations streamline the hazardous waste management standards for certain categories of hazardous waste that are commonly generated by a wide variety of establishments.

The federal universal waste regulations are found in Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in part 273EXITEXIT EPA WEBSITE and apply to five types of universal waste:

Batteries
Pesticides
Mercury-Containing Equipment
Lamps
Aerosol Cans

There are also four types of regulated participants in the universal waste system:

Small quantity handlers of universal waste (accumulates less than 5,000 kg of universal waste), Large quantity handlers of universal waste (accumulates 5,000 kg or more of universal waste), Universal waste transporters and, Universal waste destination facilities.

In general, materials managed as universal waste can be stored for a year and are not required to be shipped with a manifest or by a hazardous waste transporter. In addition, once subject to the universal waste regulations, universal wastes do not need to be counted toward a generator’s category. The universal waste regulations do require that the materials be managed in a way that prevents releases to the environment. The requirements are tailored to each specific type of universal waste and differ for small quantity handlers and large quantity handlers. Finally, the standards also include a labeling requirement, a requirement to respond to releases, and a requirement for universal waste to ultimately be managed at a facility that is permitted or otherwise designated for receiving hazardous waste, like a hazardous waste recycler.

44
Q

What is a solid waste management unit?

A

Any unit at a facility from which hazardous constituents might migrate

For example, an area where you store drums or totes of hazardous waste.

45
Q

What is FRP?

A

Facility Response Plan

The Facility Response Plan (FRP) rule requires certain facilities that store and use oil are required to prepare and submit an FRP. An FRP demonstrates a facility’s preparedness to respond to a worst case oil discharge.

46
Q

What is TSCA?

A

Toxic Substances Control Act

The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 provides EPA with authority to require reporting, record-keeping and testing requirements, and restrictions relating to chemical substances and/or mixtures. Certain substances are generally excluded from TSCA, including, among others, food, drugs, cosmetics and pesticides.

Under provisions of TSCA, the risk factors of any new chemical or an existing chemical put into substantial new use must be evaluated by EPA before commercialization or distribution.

EPA has the authority to place necessary controls on the manufacture, distribution, and use of a chemical, including a total ban.

47
Q

Under TSCA’s 90 day pre-manufacturing notice, what is considered a new chemical?

A

A new chemical is any chemical not on the EPA list of existing chemicals.

48
Q

Under TSCA, what chemicals are exempt from the 90 day pre-manufacturing notice requirements?

A

Chemicals produced in small quantities for the purpose of research.

49
Q

What are TSCA rules for exporting new chemicals?

A

TSCA requires that any export of new chemicals be done with EPA notification.

EPA is responsible to inform the government of the affected country about hazards and risks of t5he new chemical.

50
Q

What are PCBs.

A

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCBs are a group of 209 organic compounds with a biphenyl; molecule with chlorine atoms attached at varying locations. These are stable compounds that break down very slowly in the environment. PCBs can accumulate in the fatty tissues of fish, birds, and mammals. PCBs are suspected human carcinogens and are expected to be teratogenic.

These are controlled under Sec. 6(e) of TSCA.

Title 40 Code of Federal Regulation Part 761 governs the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, marketing, storage, disposal, cleanup, and release reporting requirements for PCBs.

51
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

a substance capable of causing cancer.

52
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

an agent which causes genetic mutation. These can propagate among generations.

53
Q

what is a teratogen?

A

an agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo

54
Q

PCB management under Title 40 CFR Part 761 is dependent upon concentration. What are the concentration limits?

A

PCB concentrations in excess of 500 ppm face the most stringent regulatory requirements.

Less restrictive requirements apply to concentrations between 50-500 ppm.

Concentration below 50 ppm are generally not regulated.

55
Q

What are PCB spill reporting requirements?

A

The reporting requirements apply to spills of 50 ppm or greater PCBs.

Title 40 CFR 761.125 (TSCA) requires:

Notification of the National Response Center (NRC) if a spill. of 1 pound or more of PCBs occur. Notify the EPA Regional Office, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances branch, if 1)any amount of PCBs contaminates surface waters, sewers, drinking water supplies, grazing land, or vegetable gardens, or 2) more than 10 pounds of PCBs are spilled.

Title 40 CFR 355.40 (EPCRA) requires:

Notify the State Emergency Response Commission (SERC) and Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) in the event of a release of an amount greater than or equal to the reportable quantity for any CERCLA hazardous substance. The reportable quantity for PCBs in this case is 1 pound.

56
Q

What is the NRC?

A

The National Response Center (NRC) is a part of the federally established National Response System and staffed 24 hours a day by the U.S. Coast Guard. It is the designated federal point of contact for reporting all oil, chemical, radiological, biological and etiological discharges into the environment, anywhere in the United States and its territories.

57
Q

What are the rules on PCB storage and disposal?

A

All PCBs waste stored for disposal must be disposed of within one year from the date it was determined to be waste. They must be marked and stored in an appropriate storage area.

PCB liquids with a concentration of 50 ppm or greater are generally required to be disposed of by incineration.

58
Q

What is FIFRA?

A

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

FIFRA established regulations for the safe use of pesticides by requiring labeling and regulating storage and disposal. FIFRA requires pre-market clearance for pesticides. EPA has established educational programs under FIFRA to educate users of pesticides on the hazards involved.

59
Q

What is a pesticide?

A

A pesticide is defined as any substance or mixture of substances that are used to repel, destroy, or mitigate any pest or is used as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.

60
Q

Does FIFRA require pesticide registration?

A

YES

Under FIFRA, the manufacturer must register pesticides with the EPA. This gives the EPA the opportunity to evaluate the potential risks to the public and/or to the environment. The EPA certifies and classifies pesticides under specific use and has the authority to ban or restrict the use of those pesticides which pose an unacceptable risk to human health and the environment.

Pesticides must also be labeled and classified for “general use” or “restricted use”. A “restricted use” pesticide can only be applied by a “certified applicator”.

All pesticides must be re-registered with the EPA every 15 years.

61
Q

What is NEPA?

A

National Environmental Policy Act

NEPA became law in 1970

The Council for Environmental Quality (CEQ) has the responsibility for enforcement of the provisions of the NEPA.

Under NEPA, an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) must be prepared before undertaking any project, which might have an adverse effect on the environment.

62
Q

What is an EIS and when is one required?

A

The EIS must address the potential effects of the project on the environment, alternative ways of accomplishing the proposed action, and any resources, which would permanently become depleted as a result of undertaking the project. Activities that require as EIS ar those that require Federal permit or use any source of Federal resources for their implementation.

63
Q

What is SDWA?

A

Safe Drinking Water Act

Passed in 1974

The major objectives of this act are to set maximum pollutant levels on drinking water and to protect the underground water. SDWA authorizes the EPA to establish both primary and secondary standards for drinking water. It is intended that the Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) in drinking water be implemented in collaborative effort with the states. Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) have a value less the the MCL and are set at a level that there are no known or anticipated health effects. MCLGs are public health goals and are not enforceable.

64
Q

What is NAAQS?

A

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, required EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50)

64
Q

What is NAAQS and CAA?

A

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, required EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Clean Air Act identifies two types of national ambient air quality standards.

Primary standards provide public health protection, including protesting the health of “sensitive” populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly.

Secondary standards provide public welfare protection, including protection against decreased visibility and damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.

65
Q

Under the Clean Air Act, what are the six principle pollutants cal “criteria” air pollutants?

A

carbon monoxide (CO)
Lead (Pb)
nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Ozone (O3)
particle pollution
sulfer dioxide (SO2)

66
Q

The CAA is structured in 6 Titles. What are they?

A

Title I: regulations for stationary sources

Title II: regulations for mobile sources

Title III: procedures f

66
Q

The CAA is structured in 6 Titles. What are they?

A

Title I: regulations for stationary sources

Title II: regulations for mobile sources

Title III: procedures for judicial review as well as administrative provisions and citizen’s lawsuits

Title IV: noise pollution

Title V: permitting procedures

Title VI: deals with stratospheric ozone production

67
Q

What is RACT?

A

Reasonable Achievable Control technology

required on existing sources in areas that are not meeting NAAQs

68
Q

What is BACT?

A

Best Available Control Technology

required on major new or modified sources in clean areas

CHMM (8 decks)

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