Plan Implementation Flashcards
Planning and Zoning Commission (P&Z)
Commission is required to issue recommendations in matters of zoning. These recommendations are made to a governing body (e.g., the City Council or County Commissioners). In other cases, P&Z renders final approval of cases.
The Planning and Zoning Commission is made up of community residents and business owners. Members are appointed by the governing body.
The Planning and Zoning Commissioners read staff reports, visit sites prior to meetings, and come prepared to participate in discussions with applicants at P&Z meetings
The Board of Zoning Appeals, also sometimes referred to as the Board of Zoning Adjustment or the Zoning Board of Adjustment
Quasi-judicial board that hears cases for variances, special exceptions to the zoning ordinance, and appeals of staff’s administration of the zoning ordinance.
The governing body appoints members to the board. As with the Planning and Zoning Commission, members are community members who volunteer their time
Zoning map color: Yellow
Single-Family Residential
Zoning map color: Orange
Multi-family Residential
Zoning map color: Red
Retail & Commercial
Zoning map color: Green
Parks
Zoning map color: Purple
Industrial use
Zoning map color: Blue
Institutional use
Two ways zoning can be changed
Amendment to text, amendment to map
Euclidean Zoning
Division of uses with most protective restrictions on residential land uses; has led to suburban sprawl
Cumulative Zoning
Each successive zoning district allows all the uses from the previous zones
Modified Cumulative Zoning
Cumulative zoning, but more restrictions in certain zones, like industrial
Permitted use
If use is listed as permitted in zoning code, the use can take place without having to ask city for permission
Conditional use
If use is listed as conditional, have to ask city for permission. If approved they’ll be granted a “conditional use permit” aka special use or specific use permit
Two ways to issue conditional use permit
Run with the land: any new user is required to follow the same conditions
Run with the ownership: offers the community an opportunity to review the circumstances if ownership or use changes
Nonconforming use
property use that existed prior to the adoption of district regulations and is allowed to continue under the “grandfather clause.”
Amortization
sets a definite period of time within which the use must come into compliance with the zoning ordinance
overlay district or zone
Set of additional restrictions placed over the top of an existing zone. Two common overlays are for airports and historic preservation
Variance
change in the terms of the zoning regulations due to economic or physical hardship. There are two types of variances: a use variance and an area variance
use variance
allows a property to build and maintain a use not explicitly allowed under the zoning district regulations
area variance
allows a property to be excluded from the physical site requirements under the zoning ordinance
Big-box retail
50,000 or more square feet in a large box
Conformance-based evaluation
the more outcomes (like land use patterns) conform with plans, the more successful the plan has been
Performance-based evaluation
The achievement of end-state goals are not the main concern. Any result that is deemed desirable could be considered a success.
Strategic Plan
A plan for the organization and not for the municipality as a whole; many communities use strategic plans in place of comprehensive plans; typically short term (few years)
Comprehensive Plan
Geographic score - entire municipality, usually long term, links long-range objectives to a number of interdependent elements
Goal
Value-based statement describing future condition
Goal-setting hierarchy
Goal –> objective –> policy –> criteria –> measure
Objective
Measurable statements, should include location, character, and timing
Policy
Rule or course of action
Floating zones
Unmapped zoning overlay district adopted within the Ordinance that is established on the zoning map only when an application for development, meeting the floating zone application requirements, is approved.
Cluster Development/Zoning
Often used to concentrate development in one area and preserve the rest of the land area
Performance zoning
Looking at outcome of development - no more than this much parking, no more runoff than this, etc.; provides more flexibility (sometimes referred to as Kendig Performance Zoning)
Incentive Zoning
rewarded with additional intensity in exchange for public benefit (aka more flexibility in building setbacks if affordable housing provided)
Contract Zoning (Typically illegal)
More favorable zoning treatment for developer if they agree to certain restrictions or conditions
Police power
Held by the state, not federal government
Form-based Code standards
Include building configuration and features, building type and frontage, public spaces, land uses
Subdivision Regulations
Control and record the process of subdividing; control pattern of development; occasionally adopted in the absence of zo.ning, but most effective when combined with zoning
Capital Improvement Plan (CIP)
Tool to implement the comprehensive plan; Used to coordinate investment in infrastructure, transportation, and community facilities - regular maintenance generally not included; 4-6 year time horizon; usually updated annually or every other year; varies by city who prepares the CIP; typically includes a map, description of projects + costs, and a schedule for project financing and implementation
What does a CIP typically include?
Map, description of projects and their costs, and a schedule for project financing and implementation
Subdivision process
-Pre-application meeting
-Preliminary plat review (approved, approved with conditions, or denied)
-Final plat review
Fees in lieu of dedication
Allows developer to pay a fee in place of actually making the improvements or dedications that would be required
Impact Fee
Usually collected when building permits are issued; method of funding capital facilities; can be used off-site
Strategic Foresight
Starts in the future and reverse engineers what needs to happen today to be successful in the future
Critical Path Method (CPM)
How long does each task take before you can finish the project? Use this information to figure out the project’s end date; A critical path analysis is a diagrammatical representation of what needs to be done and when
Operating and long-term maintenance costs should be considered in which of the following budgeting techniques?
Capital Improvement Plan (CIP)
Simple definition of budget
Goals with price tags attached
Line-item budget items
Personnel, equipment, maintenance, etc.; each line item is given the same weight
Program budget
Considers each program as a unit; helps determine program priority
Performance budget
Takes program budget a step further by tying budget to specific performance objectives
Zero base budgeting (ZBB)
Existing programs and activities should not be refunded each year; start a fresh budget so things aren’t funded again just because they were included last time
Planning-Programming-Budget-System (PPBS)
Combines program budgeting with short and long term planning targets; most useful in capital projects
Participatory Budgeting (PB)
Democratic process in which community members decide how to spend part of the public budget
Local government revenue sources
Taxes, user fees and charges, permits, licenses, grants
General obligation bonds (GO bonds)
Backed by the general revenue of the issuing municipality (ex. the SLC parks & trails bond); voter approval usually required
Revenue bonds
Supported by a specific revenue source, such as income from a toll road, hospital, or higher-education system; voter approval not required
Tax Increment Financing (TIF)
Issued to provide public facilities needed to support new, private, development; secured by increased tax revenue produced by new, private development, not a new tax; only available for projects that couldn’t be funded without the TIF; often used in blighted areas;
Example: city installs nice roads, parks, and streetscapes in a blighted area. As the area fills out with more housing and businesses, the tax revenue generated from those new places helps to pay off the $ used for the initial upgrades
Good video: https://www.springfieldmo.gov/670/Tax-Increment-Financing
Special Assessment District
A charge imposed on property owners in a designated area to pay for improvements that will benefit that property
Business Improvement District (BID)
Property owners pay an additional tax to improve their business area
Community Redevelopment Agency (CRAs)
Special taxing district based on finding of slum or blight; must establish redevelopment plan; can use TIF funding and funding from both city and county
Enterprise Zone
Economically-depressed area that is targeted for revitalization by providing benefits to companies that relocate to or expand in these areas
Empowerment Zone
(Federal Program) Economically stressed zones that get federal grants and tax incentives for hiring people or providing services in the zone
Capital Improvement Projects (CIP)
-Multi-year period (typically 6 years) to organize major capital projects
-Budgets for upcoming year through Capital Budget (CIB)
-Capital Improvement Project examples: new roads, parks, fire station, new firetruck, study of roadway expansion
Three core economic development activities
- Business recruitment and attraction
- Business retention and expansion
- Enterprise and small business development
Industrial Revenue Bond
Loan to company to build or buy facility/land/equipment. Local govt issues bond, company repays bond, and and city retains ownership until end of repayment period
Clawback
Provision in a contract that limits/reverses a payment for specific reasons like a failure to meet a quota of some kind
Fixed costs
Costs associated with business operation that don’t changed month to month; example: rent or mortgage
Direct costs
Costs traceable to to the production of a specific project (in consulting)
Ex.) salaries of staff, project-related travel
Indirect costs
Costs of running a consulting business not associated with a specific project (ex. cost of office space, office supplies, etc.)
Oregon Model for Visioning
- Where are we now?
- Where are we going?
- Where do we want to be?
- How do we get there?
Sometimes, 5. Are we getting there?
