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ST1 MSK > Plain film > Flashcards

Plain film Flashcards

1
Q

Atelectasis is defined as

A

A reduction in the amount of gas within the lung, leading to volume loss

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2
Q

Collapse is defined as

A

Complete atelectasis, which is complete loss of volume within that area of lung

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3
Q

What are the four mechanisms of atelectasis

A

Relaxation or passive - mass, gravity, effusion
Cicatrisation - stiff alveoli from old TB / sarcoid
Adhesive - or lack of
Resorptive

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4
Q

Important feature of resorptive atelectasis vs infective consolidation

A

absence of air bronchogram.

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5
Q

Direct signs of atelectasis

A

displacement of interlobar fissures

Crowding of vessels - only if air still in lobe

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6
Q

Indirect signs of atelectasis

A 
opacity increase
high hemidiahphragm
displaced mediastinum
overinflation
hila displacement 
crowding of ribs
no air bronchogram
absence of interlobar artery
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7
Q

minor fissure will move WHERE on atelectasis

A

superiorly

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8
Q

The cardiac border will be obscured because the lingular segment WHAT lies against the left heart (a silhouette sign)

A

of the left upper lobe

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9
Q

Luftsichel sign

A

an air crescent may be seen between the aortic arch and the atelectatic lung. This is seen when the apical upper lobe is pulled down by the atelectasis and the aerated lower lobe moves to fill that space

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10
Q

Absence of the interlobar artery for atelectasis is only seen for….

A

lower lobe atelectassis.

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11
Q

Juxtaphrenic peak - atelectasis is what?

A

site of the inferior accessory ligament, triangular opacity.

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12
Q

The Golden S sign describes what

A

indicator of underlying central bronchial neoplasm

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13
Q

left lingula is in what lobe

A

left upper lobe

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14
Q

if the right hilar is pulled by a nearby mass we know the mass is extending in which direction

A

posteriorly

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15
Q

The lung interstitium and WHAT generation airways onwards are too fine, when normal, to be seen on a CXR.

A

4th

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16
Q

cardinal sign of consolidation

A

air bronchograms

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17
Q

commonest fungi on myocytoma

A

aspergillus fumigans

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18
Q

what is the gloves finger sign?

A

A dilated bronchus filled with fluid

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19
Q

signs of RML collapse

A

absence of horizontal fissue and loss of R cardiac border silouhette

20
Q

LUL collapse

A

loss of aorti knuckly and left heart border. Veil like opacity

21
Q

Golden S

A

shows a RUL collapse due to a medial obstructing hilar mass / malignancy

22
Q

What does Ground glass opacity mean on chest xr?

A

homogenous veiling opacity, obscures normal vascular markings due to silhouette sign.

23
Q

What Ground glass opactiy mean on High res CT

A

areas of lung with increased density but vacular markings remain visible (as CT is better than just XR imaging)

24
Q

Consolidation means what

A

process of solidyfying lung, alveoli filling with exudates.

Does not distort or affect volume of lung

25
Q

Infiltrates - means what

A

non specific term for somrthing being filled. Can be used to describe any pulmonary shadow

26
Q

What do we mean by Air Space Filling / shadows / opacities.

A

replacement of air with fluid or material in the distal airways (alveoli and acini)

27
Q

Acinar shadows means what

A

ill edfined nodular shadows between 0.1 and 1 cm in diameter. represent opaque acini contrasted against aerated lung.

28
Q

Causes of air space shadows on chest xr - what materials can it be?

A

Water, pus, blood, cells, protein.

Or weird stuff like
Fat embolism, sarcoid, eosinophilic pneumonia, Cryptogenic organsing pneumonia

29
Q

Water air space shadow - causes

A

Hydrostatic - CCF, renal failure, volume overload.

Capillary leakage - ARDS

30
Q

Pus air space shadow - causes

A

Typical / Atypical / TB

31
Q

Blood air space shadow - causes

A

Trauma, Goodpastures, Vasculitis, Idiopathic pulmonary haemorrhage.

32
Q

Cells air space shadow - causes

A

Alveolar cell carcinoma, lymphoma

33
Q

Protein air space shadow - causes

A

alveolar proteinosis

34
Q

With lung shadows the distribution can be WHAT or WHAT

A

localised or diffuse

35
Q

diffuse distribution can be what or what

A

central or peripheral

36
Q

Loëffler’s syndrome

A

may occur secondary to parasite infestation or drugs or may be idiopathic. Chest radiographs show ‘fleeting’ areas of consolidation, which shift from one area to another. These are typically seen in the lung periphery, usually in the axillary regions

37
Q

accessory ossicles are what?

A

areas of additional ossification within the tendons.

38
Q

In ankle the ossicles are what?

A 
Os retinaculi
Os secundarium
Os trochleare calcanei
Os tibiale externum
Os sustenaculi
Talus accessorius 
Os subtibilae
39
Q

Ossicles in the foof

A 
Intermetatarsum
vesalianum
supranaviculare
intercuneiforme
tibiale externum  / navicularum
Peroneum
supratalare
calcaneus secundarius
talotibilae
sustenaculum
subcalcis
trigonum
hallux sesamoids
40
Q

common neck fracture cobbinations

A

C2 and either C6 or L1 are common

41
Q

Neck - Harris lines indicate

A

If distrupted 0 atlanto occipital dissociation.

42
Q

If C1 overhangs C2 what could this mean

A

in coronal view if the x and y = more than or equal to 7mm then unstable joint.

43
Q

Jefferson fracture

A

fracture to C1 - often fro force from above the head

44
Q

Types of ondontoid fracture

A

123

  1. Upper part - stable
  2. Neck - poor healing
  3. body of C2 0 heals well
45
Q

Hangman fracture

A

Caused by extension of neck and axial load

46
Q

Types of cervical fractures

A

Compression
Distraction
Translation

47
Q

NEXUS classification for neck injury

A 
Focal neurologic deficit
Midline spinal tenderness
Altered level of consciousness
Intoxication
Distracting injury

if any present then can’t clear the spine

ST1 MSK (14 decks)

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