PK, PD, and PG Flashcards
Define Pharmacokinetics.
The study of time course and kinetics of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (excretion) (ADME)
o The study of the movement of drugs in the body
o How the drug concentration changes over time as the drug is moved through the body
What the body does to the drug:
PK
What the drug does to the body:
PD
ADME stands for:
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination
Drugs are generally metabolized in the:
Liver
PK is Relationship between _____ and _____.
dose administered, drug concentration
Pharmacodynamics is the relationship between the _____ and _____.
drug concenration, efficacy and toxicity
Sites of Action Receptors and Ligands:
Gated Ion channels
G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR)
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
Nuclear Receptors
High-Risk Drugs:
warfarin, digoxin, phenytoin, antiarrythmic agents, and sodium nitroprusside
Define Pharmacogenomics (PGx):
The study of how an individual’s genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs.
PGx is the relationship between patient’s _____ and _____.
phenotype, genotype
3 clinical uses of PGx:
Testing for disease specific or enriched drug targets.
Estimating drug efficacy and dosing.
Predicting and avoiding side-effects.
Define Pharmacodynamics.
The study the interaction between drug concentration at the site of action and the resulting effect including the time course and intensity (pharmacologic response)
How the drug exerts its pharmacologic effect on the body
What are High-Risk drugs?
Narrow Therapeutic Index (TI)
Steep dose-response curve
Enzyme Inducers or Inhibitors
Inhibit example: quinidine, grapefruit juice
Induce example: phenytoin, smoking
Factors that cause interpatient variability in drug disposition and drug response are:
High-Risk drugs
High-Risk patients
Genetic factors (eg. metabolism rates)
What are high-risk patients?
• High risk patients
o Age (elderly, children) and gender
o Immunocompromised, co-morbidities
o Ethnicity
o Genetic factors (Pharmacogenomics)
o Lifestyle: cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption
o Organ function:
• Hepatic or renal diseases (impairment)
o Polypharmacy
• Multiple drug therapy
Describe how patient’s genetic variation affect drug-target response and efficacy.
Genetic inheritance effects the body’s response to drugs.
Phenotype (expressed) can effect:
PK Variability
Clinical Symptoms Response to drug-efficacy/side effects
Genotype (genetic makeup) can effect:
Genetic marker(s) distinguishing specific variations within a DNA sequence
