PK, PD, and PG

Question 1

Define Pharmacokinetics.

Answer 1

The study of time course and kinetics of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (excretion) (ADME)

o The study of the movement of drugs in the body

o How the drug concentration changes over time as the drug is moved through the body

Question 2

What the body does to the drug:

Answer 2

PK

Question 3

What the drug does to the body:

Answer 3

PD

Question 4

ADME stands for:

Answer 4

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination

Question 5

Drugs are generally metabolized in the:

Answer 5

Liver

Question 6

PK is Relationship between _____ and _____.

Answer 6

dose administered, drug concentration

Question 7

Pharmacodynamics is the relationship between the _____ and _____.

Answer 7

drug concenration, efficacy and toxicity

Question 8

Sites of Action Receptors and Ligands:

Answer 8

Gated Ion channels

G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR)

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)

Nuclear Receptors

Question 9

High-Risk Drugs:

Answer 9

warfarin, digoxin, phenytoin, antiarrythmic agents, and sodium nitroprusside

Question 10

Define Pharmacogenomics (PGx):

Answer 10

The study of how an individual’s genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs.

Question 11

PGx is the relationship between patient’s _____ and _____.

Answer 11

phenotype, genotype

Question 12

3 clinical uses of PGx:

Answer 12

Testing for disease specific or enriched drug targets.

Estimating drug efficacy and dosing.

Predicting and avoiding side-effects.

Question 13

Define Pharmacodynamics.

Answer 13

The study the interaction between drug concentration at the site of action and the resulting effect including the time course and intensity (pharmacologic response)

How the drug exerts its pharmacologic effect on the body

Question 14

What are High-Risk drugs?

Answer 14

Narrow Therapeutic Index (TI)

Steep dose-response curve

Enzyme Inducers or Inhibitors

Inhibit example: quinidine, grapefruit juice

Induce example: phenytoin, smoking

Question 15

Factors that cause interpatient variability in drug disposition and drug response are:

Answer 15

High-Risk drugs

High-Risk patients

Genetic factors (eg. metabolism rates)

Question 16

What are high-risk patients?

Answer 16

• High risk patients

o Age (elderly, children) and gender

o Immunocompromised, co-morbidities

o Ethnicity

o Genetic factors (Pharmacogenomics)

o Lifestyle: cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption

o Organ function:

• Hepatic or renal diseases (impairment)

o Polypharmacy

• Multiple drug therapy

Question 17

Describe how patient’s genetic variation affect drug-target response and efficacy.

Answer 17

Genetic inheritance effects the body’s response to drugs.

Phenotype (expressed) can effect:

PK Variability

Clinical Symptoms Response to drug-efficacy/side effects

Genotype (genetic makeup) can effect:

Genetic marker(s) distinguishing specific variations within a DNA sequence