Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology Exam 1 > PK/PD > Flashcards

PK/PD Flashcards

1
Q

What is zero order kinetics?

A

Rate of drug elimination is INDEPENDENT of concentration…Same amount is eliminated per hour. (Very few drugs - ASA, ethanol, phenytoin…)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is first order kinetics?

A

Rate of drug elimination is DEPENDENT on concentration…half lifes. (most drugs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is therapeutic index?

A

The desired range of drug concentration. Calculated - Lethal dose for 50% (LD)/Effective dose for 50% (ED)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which drugs require TDM for narrow TI?

A

Lithium, digoxin and carbamazepine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some drugs that require TDM for SE/ADRs?

A

Phenobarbital, Vancomycin, Aminoglycosides, Dilantin, Flucytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

The study of the ACTION of the drug in the body (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

The study of the drug’s EFFECT on the biochemical and physiological functions of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is absorption?

A

How much of the drug and how fast it leaves the site of administration. Described as “bioavailability” or “F”. (F 1.0=100%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is bioequivalence?

A

Where two drugs have the same active ingredients, identical in strength, dosage form, route of administration AND F.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the efflux transporters?

A

Pgb, MRP2, BCRP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the influx transporters?

A

OATP, PEPT, OAT/OCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Antacids can cause a DDI with which meds?

A

Itraconazole (capsules), ketoconazole, posaconazole, atazanavir, dasatinb, erlotinib and Fe. (All need an acid environment.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Digoxin can cause a DDI with which med?

A

Amiodarone (Cordarone) because it inhibits the movement of Digoxin into the circulation and can cause toxicity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fluorquinolones, tetracycline and levothyroxine can cause a DDI with which di- or tri-valent cations?

A

Ca++, Fe++, Mg++ and Al+++ (Counsel - give supplements 2 hours pre or post or it will effect bioavailability.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens in the first phase of distribution?

A

Drug moves from site of administration to blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens in the second phase of distribution?

A

Drug moves from the blood to tissue.

17
Q

What is volume of distribution (Vd)?

A

The estimated volume (size of compartment) needed to account for the total volume of drug in the body if it were the same concentration throughout.

18
Q

Which drugs typically have a low Vd?

A

water soluble drugs (stay in blood)

19
Q

Which drugs typically have a high Vd?

A

lipophilic drugs (distribute to tissue)

20
Q

What happens in Phase I metabolism?

A

oxidation/reduction via an enzyme system (primarily CYP450). Enzymes give a functional group to prepare the drug for Phase II.

21
Q

What is the most common CYP450 (Phase I) enzyme?

A

CYP3A4 (36% of meds)

22
Q

Which drug is of concern in 2C9 polymorphism?

A

Warfarin

23
Q

What is a genetic polymorphism?

A

The patient’s enzyme is changed and drug concentration can go up because the drug does not recognize it for binding.

24
Q

What happens in Phase II metabolism?

A

Conjugation reactions (by nonmicrosomal enzymes)add a compound to the drug to make it more hydrophilic.

25
Q

What are the Phase II enzymes?

A

UGT (most common), SALT, NAT, MT enzymes

26
Q

What influences drug elimination from breastmilk?

A

Lipid solubility
Plasma concentration
MW (>500 favors elimination)
Protein binding (lower protein bound are “free” in plasma and more readily eliminated)

27
Q

Estimates of GFR

A

CrCl using Cockcroft-Gault (adults)

24 hours urine

28
Q

Cockcroft-Gault Equation (CrCl)

A

[(140-age) x kg]/72 x Cr = ml/min (then, multiply x 0.85 if female)

29
Q

What is a normal CrCl for males?

A

> 120 ml/min

30
Q

What is a normal CrCl for females?

A

> 110 ml/min

31
Q

CrCl - use actual body weight or IBW?

A

If underweight or NOT >20% over IBW, use actual weight. If >20% over IBW, use a range of IBW-actual.

32
Q

Formula: IBW (males)

A

50 + 2.3 (inches > 60)

33
Q

Formula: IBW (females)

A

45.5 + 2.3 (inches > 60)

34
Q

CrCl - consideration if >65 yrs, thin or frail and Cr < 1.0

A

use Cr=1.0

35
Q

“Order” for CrCl calculation

A
  1. kg, height, age, male/female, Cr
  2. lbs –> kg
  3. Calc IBW using height
  4. Is actual body weight >20% over IBW? If so, calculate ABW.
  5. Ask, “Cr <1.0. older than 65 and thin/frail? Use Cr=1.0
    Plug in numbers to equation.
  6. If female, multiply x 0.85
36
Q

Formula: ABW

A

[(Actual body weight - IBW) x 0.4] + IBW

37
Q

A strong inhibitor increases AUC by how much?

A

5x (can cause toxicity!)

38
Q

A moderate inhibitor increase AUC by how much?

A

2x

39
Q

A weak inhibitor increases AUC by how much?

A

1.25-<2

Pharmacology Exam 1 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions