PK and PD part two

Question 1

Most drugs are absorbed via

Answer 1

passive diffision

Question 2

Most Nutrients are absorbed via

Answer 2

active transport

Question 3

vitamin B12, iron, calcium, magnesium, and leucine, may have ______ ______ in older adults

Answer 3

impaired absorption

Question 4

first pass in geriatric population

Answer 4

there is evidence that the first-pass effect is decreased on hepatic or gut wall metabolism
results in increased bioavailability and higher plasma concentrations of drugs

Question 5

why is there an increase substantially in skin absorption newborns?

Answer 5

underdeveloped stratum corneum and increased skin hydration

Question 6

IM absorption in pediatric population

Answer 6

Drug absorption is impossible to predict

Question 7

Why should we have caution in prescribing oral medication in pregnant patients?

Answer 7

they may experience nausea and vomiting, they have delated gastric emptying and an increase in gastric pH

Question 8

what relates the amount of drug in the body to the serum concentration?

Answer 8

Volume of distribution

Question 9

how is Volume of distribution determined

Answer 9

physiologic volume of blood and tissues and how the drug binds in blood and tissues

Question 10

why do we calculated the volume of distribution?

Answer 10

to figure out the loading dose of a drug that will immediately achieve a steady state concentration

Question 11

Total body water in pediatrics?

Answer 11

total body water percentages increased

Question 12

extracellular fluid in pediatrics

Answer 12

higher percentage in pediatrics

Question 13

Binding of drugs to plasma proteins in newborn infants

Answer 13

is decreased

Question 14

amount of body fat in neonates compared to adults

Answer 14

Amount of body fat is substantially lower in neonates

Question 15

plasma albumin concentration in pregnancy

Answer 15

decreases, increasing the volume of distribution of drugs that highly protein bound

Question 16

drug metabolism in infants

Answer 16

Drug metabolism is substantially slower in infants than in older children and adults

Question 17

Hepatic perfusion in pregnancy

Answer 17

increases, theoretically increases the hepatic extraction of drugs

Question 18

phase one in geriatric population

Answer 18

decreased, hepatic function decreased

Question 19

define potency

Answer 19

measure required to produce response, higher potent decrease in EC dose required for 50% of max effect

Question 20

define Efficacy

Answer 20

Maximal response a drug can produce

Question 21

Noted factors that influence the relationship between prescribed dosage and drug effects

Answer 21

mediation errors and patient compliance

Question 22

Phase I Reactions

Answer 22

Convert the parent drug to a more polar (water-soluble) or more reactive product by unmasking or inserting a polar functional group such as —OH, —SH, or —NH
this makes it easier to excrete

usually changed to inactive, but my be modified or enhanced

Question 23

Phase II Reactions

Answer 23

Form a highly polar conjugate
increase water solubility by conjugation of the drug molecule with a polar moiety such as glucuronate, acetate, or sulfate

Question 24

Cytochrome P450

Answer 24

group of enzymes that are responsible for most drug metabolism oxidation reactions

Question 25

Cytochrome P450 substrate

Answer 25

drug which is metabolized by one of the CYP450 enzymes

example Acetaminophen

Question 26

Metabolism pathways in Pediatric

which is well developed which is undeveloped

Answer 26

Sulfation pathway is well developed in infants

Glucuronidation pathway is undeveloped in infants