PK and PD Part one

Question 1

Define pharmacology

Answer 1

The study of substances that interact with living things, analyzing beneficial therapeutic effects and toxic effects

Question 2

define toxicology

Answer 2

the study of undesirable effects of chemicals living systems

Question 3

Define Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 3

study of the therapeutic uses and effects of different drugs

Question 4

List 5 routes of the administration of medications

Answer 4

Intravenous, Intramuscular, Topical, Buccal and sublingual, inhalation, oral ingestion, oral (swallowed), transdermal, subcutaneous

Question 5

Define pharamacokineitcs

Answer 5

What the body does to the drug, describes the absorption, distention, metabolism and elimination

Question 6

Organs involved in absorption

Answer 6

The liver and the gut are highly active in the process of drug absorption

Question 7

Organs involved in distribution

Answer 7

No major organs, think proteins

Question 8

organs involved in elimination, both metabolism and excretion

Answer 8

main organ that functions for metabolism is the liver
the kidney is another organ used for metabolism

the kidneys are the major organ for elimination, other notable organs are lungs skin and GI

Question 9

What in the pharmacokinetic process leads to the phrarmodynamic process

Answer 9

the drug concentration at the site of action

Question 10

define first- pass effect

Answer 10

Concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation
Fraction of lost drug during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall

Question 11

define clearance

Answer 11

Most important pharmacokinetic parameter
Determines the steady-state concentration for a given dosage rate
Determined by blood flow to the organ that metabolizes or eliminates the drug
Efficiency of the organ in extracting the drug from the bloodstream

Question 12

define steady state

Answer 12

this is a condition in which the total amount of drug in the body is unchanging over multiple dosages
elimination is equal to the rate of administration

Question 13

define half life

Answer 13

Time required for serum concentrations to decrease by one-half after absorption and distribution are complete

Question 14

Describe the lock and key theory for drug action

Answer 14

The specific action of an enzyme with a single substrate, like a lock and key

Question 15

“Direct absorption into the systemic venous circulation, bypassing the hepatic portal circuit and first-pass metabolism” describes which route of administration?

Answer 15

Oral (swallowed)

Buccal and sublingual (not swallowed)

Question 16

which route of administration involves application to the skin for systemic effect?

Answer 16

Transdermal

Question 17

define competitive inhibitor

Answer 17

inhibition of a substrate though competing with another substate for the same binding or bonding, but a competitive inhibitor can be “out-competed” by lots of substrate it is competing with

Question 18

define allosteric activator

Answer 18

allosteric activators bind to locations on an enzyme other than the active site, causing an increase in the function of the active site

Question 19

define allosteric inhibitor

Answer 19

allosteric inhibitor binds to locations on an enzyme other than the active site, causing a decrease in the function of the active site (through ways such as altering the shape of the enzyme)

Question 20

which route of administration involves application to the skin for systemic effect?

Answer 20

Transdermal

Question 21

define linear pharmacokinetics

Answer 21

steady-state serum drug concentrations change proportionally with long-term daily dosing

Question 22

How is half life altered?

Answer 22

Dependent kinetic variable because its value depends on the values of clearance and volume of distribution
Disease, age, and other variables usually alter the clearance of a drug much more than they alter its Vd

Question 23

Renal disease or reduced cardiac output often

Answer 23

reduces the clearance of drugs that depend on renal function

Question 24

Efficiency of renal excretion is determined by

Answer 24

glomerular filtration, tubular section, and tubule reabsorption
this process takes time in children and may not be fully developed for serval weeks up to one years old in some children