PK and PD Part one Flashcards
Define pharmacology
The study of substances that interact with living things, analyzing beneficial therapeutic effects and toxic effects
define toxicology
the study of undesirable effects of chemicals living systems
Define Pharmacotherapeutics
study of the therapeutic uses and effects of different drugs
List 5 routes of the administration of medications
Intravenous, Intramuscular, Topical, Buccal and sublingual, inhalation, oral ingestion, oral (swallowed), transdermal, subcutaneous
Define pharamacokineitcs
What the body does to the drug, describes the absorption, distention, metabolism and elimination
Organs involved in absorption
The liver and the gut are highly active in the process of drug absorption
Organs involved in distribution
No major organs, think proteins
organs involved in elimination, both metabolism and excretion
main organ that functions for metabolism is the liver
the kidney is another organ used for metabolism
the kidneys are the major organ for elimination, other notable organs are lungs skin and GI
What in the pharmacokinetic process leads to the phrarmodynamic process
the drug concentration at the site of action
define first- pass effect
Concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation
Fraction of lost drug during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall
define clearance
Most important pharmacokinetic parameter
Determines the steady-state concentration for a given dosage rate
Determined by blood flow to the organ that metabolizes or eliminates the drug
Efficiency of the organ in extracting the drug from the bloodstream
define steady state
this is a condition in which the total amount of drug in the body is unchanging over multiple dosages
elimination is equal to the rate of administration
define half life
Time required for serum concentrations to decrease by one-half after absorption and distribution are complete
Describe the lock and key theory for drug action
The specific action of an enzyme with a single substrate, like a lock and key
“Direct absorption into the systemic venous circulation, bypassing the hepatic portal circuit and first-pass metabolism” describes which route of administration?
Oral (swallowed)
Buccal and sublingual (not swallowed)
which route of administration involves application to the skin for systemic effect?
Transdermal
define competitive inhibitor
inhibition of a substrate though competing with another substate for the same binding or bonding, but a competitive inhibitor can be “out-competed” by lots of substrate it is competing with
define allosteric activator
allosteric activators bind to locations on an enzyme other than the active site, causing an increase in the function of the active site
define allosteric inhibitor
allosteric inhibitor binds to locations on an enzyme other than the active site, causing a decrease in the function of the active site (through ways such as altering the shape of the enzyme)
which route of administration involves application to the skin for systemic effect?
Transdermal
define linear pharmacokinetics
steady-state serum drug concentrations change proportionally with long-term daily dosing
How is half life altered?
Dependent kinetic variable because its value depends on the values of clearance and volume of distribution
Disease, age, and other variables usually alter the clearance of a drug much more than they alter its Vd
Renal disease or reduced cardiac output often
reduces the clearance of drugs that depend on renal function
Efficiency of renal excretion is determined by
glomerular filtration, tubular section, and tubule reabsorption
this process takes time in children and may not be fully developed for serval weeks up to one years old in some children
