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Pituitary pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary role of the anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Growth development reproduction stress response and intermediary metabolism

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2
Q

Name the family of hormones that includes growth hormone.

A

Somatotropic family

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3
Q

Which hormone belongs to the glycoprotein family and regulates thyroid function?

A

Thyrotropin (TSH)

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4
Q

What hormone is responsible for the secretion of adrenal cortical hormones?

A

Corticotropin (ACTH)

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5
Q

Which hormone promotes the development of mammary tissue and milk production postpartum?

A

Prolactin

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6
Q

What hormone regulates growth partly through somatomedins from the liver?

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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7
Q

What is the function of α-MSH?

A

Promotes melanin formation anti-inflammatory regulates feeding

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8
Q

What negatively regulates pituitary secretion of growth hormone and thyrotropin?

A

Somatostatin (SST)

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9
Q

What hormone plays a role in labor and milk let-down?

A

Oxytocin

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10
Q

What physiological effect is caused by growth hormone in bones?

A

Stimulation of longitudinal growth

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11
Q

What hormone increases bone mineral density after longitudinal growth ceases?

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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12
Q

How does growth hormone affect glucose and free fatty acids?

A

Raises concentration

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13
Q

What receptor is closely related to the insulin receptor and involved in anabolic actions of GH?

A

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor

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14
Q

What hormone is the most abundant anterior pituitary hormone?

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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15
Q

When is the amplitude of GH secretory pulses maximal?

A

At night shortly after onset of deep sleep

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16
Q

Which hormone stimulates the release of GH by binding to the GH secretagogue receptor?

A

Ghrelin

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17
Q

What is the effect of leptin on appetite?

A

Inhibits appetite

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18
Q

Which hormone increases lipolysis to make fat available to the mother during pregnancy?

A

Human placental lactogen

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19
Q

What is the precursor form of somatostatin?

A

92-aminoacid precursor

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20
Q

Which receptors bind somatostatin with approximately equal affinity?

A

SSTR1-4

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21
Q

Which somatostatin receptor subtype has greater selectivity for somatostatin-28?

A

SSTR5

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22
Q

What drug is a somatostatin analog used to treat acromegaly?

A

Octreotide

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23
Q

What is the physiological effect of pasireotide compared to octreotide?

A

Higher rates of hyperglycemia

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24
Q

What are the clinical indications for growth hormone therapy in children?

A

Short stature

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25
Q

What is the primary adverse effect of GH therapy in adults?

A

Peripheral edema

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26
Q

What syndrome is characterized by increased longitudinal growth resulting in gigantism?

A

GH excess

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27
Q

What drug is a recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 used for primary IGF-1 deficiency?

A

Mecasermin

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28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of pegvisomant in treating acromegaly?

A

GH antagonist blocks GH receptor

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29
Q

What hormone is secreted by lactotroph cells and increases during pregnancy?

A

Prolactin

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30
Q

What hormone’s levels rise at parturition to initiate lactation?

A

Prolactin

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31
Q

What hormone inhibits prolactin secretion via the D2 receptor on lactotropes?

A

Dopamine

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32
Q

Which neuropeptide can stimulate prolactin release from the pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

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33
Q

What effect does severe primary hypothyroidism have on prolactin levels?

A

Persistently elevated TRH induces hyperprolactinemia

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34
Q

What drugs can decrease plasma prolactin levels by increasing central dopaminergic tone?

A

Dopamine re-uptake inhibitors (TCA

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35
Q

What is the major role of hypothalamic peptides in pituitary hormone regulation?

A

Regulate secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

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36
Q

What hormone is synthesized by the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and affects water homeostasis?

A

Arginine vasopressin

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37
Q

What are the two predominant forms of somatostatin?

A

SST-14 and SST-28

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38
Q

What hormone’s secretion is negatively regulated by somatostatin and dopamine?

A

Prolactin

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39
Q

What is the role of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)?

A

Stimulates GH secretion

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40
Q

What effect does somatostatin have on the secretion of thyrotropin (TSH)?

A

Inhibits secretion

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41
Q

What hormone integrates gastrointestinal and hypothalamic-pituitary functions and stimulates appetite?

42
Q

Which somatostatin receptor subtype is the most important for GH regulation?

43
Q

What is the primary action of dopamine on lactotropes in the pituitary?

A

Inhibits prolactin secretion

44
Q

What hormone promotes cell reproduction and regeneration as a type of mitogen?

A

Growth hormone (GH)

45
Q

What is the relationship between growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)?

A

GH induces IGF-1 production in the liver

46
Q

What is the effect of prolactin on mammary tissue postpartum?

A

Promotes development and milk production

47
Q

What is the function of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

A

Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortical hormones

48
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone on glucose utilization?

A

Decreases glucose utilization

49
Q

What hormone’s secretion pattern varies throughout life

A

being highest in children and peaking at puberty?

50
Q

What is the role of the growth hormone receptor in GH signal transduction?

A

Binds GH to activate cytosolic components

51
Q

What is the primary use of Hyoscine in labor?

A

Augmenting labor

52
Q

What adverse events are associated with Hyoscine in mothers?

A

Fast heart rates and mouth dryness

53
Q

What combination of drugs is effective in reducing the duration of abortion induction?

A

Hyoscine (20 mg iv) plus vaginal Misoprostol

54
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Tranexamic Acid?

A

Inhibitor of fibrinolysis

55
Q

What is Tranexamic Acid used for in maternal health?

A

Reducing maternal mortality from postpartum hemorrhage

56
Q

What class of drug is Tramadol hydrochloride?

A

Centrally acting opioid analgesic

57
Q

What additional mechanism of action does Tramadol have?

A

Inhibits noradrenergic uptake and stimulates serotonin release

58
Q

What is the use of Tramadol hydrochloride in labor?

A

Causes cervical dilatation

59
Q

What is the primary purpose of Tocolytic drugs?

A

To arrest premature labor

60
Q

How long can Tocolytic drugs delay delivery?

61
Q

What is the benefit of delaying delivery with Tocolytic drugs?

A

To administer glucocorticoids for fetal lung maturation

62
Q

What is an example of an Oxytocin-Receptor Antagonist?

63
Q

What class of drugs does Ritodrine belong to?

A

B2 selective stimulants

64
Q

What is the use of Magnesium sulphate in obstetrics?

A

Hypertension cerebral palsy and tocolytic actions

65
Q

Which calcium channel blocker is used as a Tocolytic drug?

A

Nifedipine

66
Q

What COX inhibitor is used to delay labor?

A

Indomethacin

67
Q

What action does Oxytocin increase to cause labor?

A

Increases phospholipase A2 activity

68
Q

What is the use of nitric oxide donors like glyceryl trinitrate in labor?

A

Tocolytic actions

69
Q

What hormone is synthesized as pre-pro AVP by the hypothalamus?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

70
Q

What condition results from failure of ADH secretion or reduced sensitivity of the kidney to ADH?

A

Diabetes insipidus

71
Q

What is the most sensitive stimulus for AVP release?

A

Hypovolemia/Osmotic pressure

72
Q

What receptors are located in vascular smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction?

A

V1A receptors

73
Q

What hormone is used to facilitate labor at term?

74
Q

What are the adverse effects of Oxytocin on the fetus?

A

Distress and death

75
Q

What is a contraindication for Oxytocin use?

A

Prematurity

76
Q

What synthetic oxytocin analogue is used for prevention of uterine atony after cesarean section?

A

Carbetocin

77
Q

What class of drugs do Ergot alkaloids belong to?

A

Oxytocic/Uterine contractants

78
Q

What prostaglandin is given intravaginally as a gel or tablet to induce labor?

A

Dinoprostone (synthetic PGE2)

79
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Ergot alkaloids?

A

Activation of α-adrenergic receptors

80
Q

What combination of drugs is used to control postpartum hemorrhage?

A

Syntometrine (ergometrine + oxytocin)

81
Q

What is the primary side effect of Ergot alkaloids?

A

Hypertension

82
Q

What is the use of Desmopressin in clinical practice?

A

Treatment of Diabetes insipidus

83
Q

What drug increases ADH levels?

A

NSAIDs and carbamazepine

84
Q

What drug counteracts the action of ADH?

85
Q

What is the primary use of Oxytocin in postpartum care?

A

Postpartum uterine hemorrhage control

86
Q

What drug is often used in conjunction with Oxytocin for postpartum hemorrhage?

A

Ergometrine

87
Q

What hormone is essential for milk production postpartum?

88
Q

What drug is given as a puff in each nostril to aid milk ejection?

89
Q

What are the side effects of oxytocin in mothers?

A

Fluid retention

90
Q

What is the preferred route of administration for oxytocin to avoid hypotension?

A

Infusion at a controlled rate

91
Q

What hormone promotes the formation of melanin?

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

92
Q

What synthetic prostaglandin is used as an abortifacient?

A

Misoprostol (synthetic PGE1)

93
Q

What synthetic prostaglandin is given to induce labor?

A

Carboprost (PGF2α Analog)

94
Q

What drug is used to treat severe postpartum hemorrhage by reducing fibrinolysis?

A

Tranexamic Acid

95
Q

What is the adverse effect of giving large doses of oxytocin?

A

Sustained contractions

96
Q

What condition does hyponatremia result from in oxytocin administration?

A

Water intoxication

97
Q

What is the effect of oxytocin on immature uterus?

A

Immature uterus is resistant to oxytocin

98
Q

What is the action of oxytocin on mammary glands?

A

Stimulate myoepithelial cells to produce milk

99
Q

What is the use of glucocorticoids administered during delayed delivery?

A

Maturation of the fetal lung

100
Q

What is the mechanism of action of atosiban?

A

Competitively inhibits the interaction of oxytocin with its membrane receptor

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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