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Pharmacology > CNS Intro > Flashcards

CNS Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Classify CNS drugs

A

Stimulants, depressants, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants, and cognitive enhancers

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2
Q

What are the major neurotransmitters in the brain?

A

Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA

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3
Q

What is the predominant anatomical pathway for dopamine?

A

The mesolimbic pathway

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4
Q

What disorders are associated with dopamine dysfunction?

A

Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia

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5
Q

What is the predominant anatomical pathway for serotonin?

A

The raphe nuclei

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6
Q

What disorders are associated with serotonin dysfunction?

A

Depression and anxiety disorders

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7
Q

What is the predominant anatomical pathway for norepinephrine?

A

The locus coeruleus

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8
Q

What disorders are associated with norepinephrine dysfunction?

A

Depression and anxiety disorders

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9
Q

What is the predominant anatomical pathway for acetylcholine?

A

The basal forebrain

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10
Q

What disorders are associated with acetylcholine dysfunction?

A

Alzheimer’s disease and myasthenia gravis

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11
Q

What is the predominant anatomical pathway for glutamate?

A

The cortex and hippocampus

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12
Q

What disorders are associated with glutamate dysfunction?

A

Epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases

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13
Q

What is the predominant anatomical pathway for GABA?

A

The cortex and hippocampus

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14
Q

What disorders are associated with GABA dysfunction?

A

Epilepsy and anxiety disorders

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15
Q

What are the major classes of receptors for dopamine?

A

D1-like and D2-like receptors

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16
Q

What are the major classes of receptors for serotonin?

A

5-HT1, HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, and 5-HT5 receptors.

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17
Q

What are the major classes of receptors for norepinephrine?

A

Alpha and beta receptors

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18
Q

What are the major classes of receptors for acetylcholine?

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

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19
Q

What are the major classes of receptors for glutamate?

A

NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors.

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20
Q

What are the major classes of receptors for GABA?

A

GABA-A and GABA-B receptors

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21
Q

What are the molecular sites where drugs can act to affect neuronal function?

A

Receptors

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22
Q

What are the cellular sites where drugs can act to affect neuronal function?

A

Synapses

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23
Q

What are the biochemical sites where drugs can act to affect neuronal function?

A

Neurotransmitter synthesis

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24
Q

Define the blood-brain barrier

A

A selective barrier that limits the passage of substances from the blood into the brain

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25
What factors determine whether a drug will gain access to the CNS?
Lipid solubility
26
What is the challenge in CNS pharmacology related to the complexity of the CNS?
Difficulty relating cellular level effects to whole organ effects
27
What is the challenge in CNS pharmacology related to disease understanding?
Poor understanding of CNS diseases
28
Why can CNS-active drugs have opposing effects?
Because they may act at multiple sites
29
Why is it challenging to treat CNS disorders with a single therapeutic agent?
Many CNS disorders involve multiple brain regions and pathways
30
What approach is used in psychiatry for diagnosing CNS disorders?
Symptom-based diagnostic approach
31
How do CNS drugs typically reach the brain?
By crossing the blood-brain barrier
32
What is the primary action of antipsychotic drugs?
Blocking dopamine receptors
33
What is the primary action of antidepressant drugs?
Increasing levels of serotonin and/or norepinephrine
34
What is the primary action of anxiolytic drugs?
Enhancing the effect of GABA
35
What is the primary action of anticonvulsant drugs?
Stabilizing neuronal membranes
36
What is the primary action of sedative-hypnotic drugs?
Depressing CNS activity
37
What is the primary action of stimulants?
Increasing the release of norepinephrine and dopamine
38
What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs?
Blocking the reuptake of serotonin
39
What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?
Enhancing the effect of GABA
40
What is the mechanism of action of antipsychotics?
Blocking dopamine receptors
41
What is the mechanism of action of lithium?
Modulating neurotransmitter levels and receptor sensitivity
42
What are the side effects of SSRIs? i
Nausea, headache, sexual dysfunction.
43
What are the side effects of benzodiazepines?
Drowsiness, dizziness, dependence.
44
What are the side effects of antipsychotics?
Weight gain
45
What are the side effects of lithium?
Tremor
46
What is the therapeutic use of SSRIs?
Treating depression and anxiety disorders
47
What is the therapeutic use of benzodiazepines?
Treating anxiety and insomnia
48
What is the therapeutic use of antipsychotics?
Treating schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
49
What is the therapeutic use of lithium?
Treating bipolar disorder
50
What is the therapeutic use of stimulants?
Treating ADHD and narcolepsy
51
What is neuroplasticity?
The ability of the brain to change and adapt
52
What is neurogenesis?
The formation of new neurons
53
What is synaptic plasticity?
The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time
54
What is long-term potentiation?
A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength
55
What is long-term depression?
A long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength
56
What is the role of the hippocampus in the brain?
Memory formation and spatial navigation
57
What is the role of the amygdala in the brain?
Emotional processing and fear response
58
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the brain?
Decision making
59
What is the role of the basal ganglia in the brain?
Movement regulation and habit formation
60
What is the role of the cerebellum in the brain?
Coordination of voluntary movements and balance
61
What is the primary use of antipsychotic drugs?
Treating schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
62
What is the primary use of anxiolytic drugs?
Treating anxiety and insomnia
63
What is the primary use of anticonvulsant drugs?
Treating epilepsy and preventing seizures
64
What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?
Enhancing the effect of GABA
65
What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs?
Blocking the reuptake of serotonin
66
What are common side effects of SSRIs?
Nausea
67
What are common side effects of benzodiazepines?
Drowsiness dizziness dependence
68
What are common side effects of antipsychotics?
Weight gain diabetes extrapyramidal symptoms
69
What are common side effects of lithium?
Tremor hypothyroidism kidney damage
70
What is the therapeutic use of SSRIs?
Treating depression and anxiety disorders
71
What is the therapeutic use of benzodiazepines?
Treating anxiety and insomnia
72
What is the therapeutic use of lithium?
Treating bipolar disorder
73
What is the therapeutic use of stimulants?
Treating ADHD and narcolepsy
74
What is neuroplasticity?
The ability of the brain to change and adapt
75
What is neurogenesis?
The formation of new neurons
76
What is synaptic plasticity?
The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time
77
What is long-term potentiation?
A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength
78
What is long-term depression?
A long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength
79
What is the role of the hippocampus in the brain?
Memory formation and spatial navigation
80
What is the role of the amygdala in the brain?
Emotional processing and fear response
81
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the brain?
Decision making planning and social behavior
82
What is the role of the basal ganglia in the brain?
Movement regulation and habit formation
83
What is the role of the cerebellum in the brain?
Coordination of voluntary movements and balance
84
What are antipsychotics used for?
Treating psychosis
85
What are benzodiazepines used for?
Anxiety seizures and insomnia
86
What are SSRIs used for?
Depression anxiety disorders and OCD
87
What are mood stabilizers used for?
Bipolar disorder and mood swings
88
What is the primary action of tricyclic antidepressants?
Blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
89
What are the side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?
Dry mouth blurred vision constipation
90
What is the mechanism of action of MAOIs?
Inhibiting the activity of monoamine oxidase
91
What are the side effects of MAOIs?
Hypertensive crisis insomnia and weight gain
92
What is the therapeutic use of MAOIs?
Treating depression
93
What is the primary action of atypical antipsychotics?
Blocking dopamine and serotonin receptors
94
What are the side effects of atypical antipsychotics?
Weight gain diabetes and metabolic syndrome
95
What is the mechanism of action of lithium?
Modulating neurotransmitter levels and receptor sensitivity
96
What is the therapeutic use of lithium?
Treating bipolar disorder
97
What is the primary action of anxiolytic drugs?
Enhancing the effect of GABA
98
What is the mechanism of action of antipsychotics?
Blocking dopamine receptors
99
What are common side effects of antipsychotics?
Weight gain diabetes extrapyramidal symptoms
100
What is the therapeutic use of antipsychotics?
Treating schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
101
What is the primary action of anticonvulsant drugs?
Stabilizing neuronal membranes
102
What is the therapeutic use of anticonvulsant drugs?
Treating epilepsy and preventing seizures
103
What are the side effects of anticonvulsant drugs?
Drowsiness
104
What is the primary action of sedative-hypnotic drugs?
Depressing CNS activity
105
What is the therapeutic use of sedative-hypnotic drugs?
Treating insomnia and anxiety
106
What are the side effects of sedative-hypnotic drugs?
Drowsiness
107
What is the primary action of stimulants?
Increasing the release of norepinephrine and dopamine
108
What is the therapeutic use of stimulants?
Treating ADHD and narcolepsy
109
What are the side effects of stimulants?
Insomnia appetite suppression and increased heart rate

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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