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CNS Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Classify CNS drugs

A

Stimulants, depressants, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants, and cognitive enhancers

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2
Q

What are the major neurotransmitters in the brain?

A

Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA

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3
Q

What is the predominant anatomical pathway for dopamine?

A

The mesolimbic pathway

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4
Q

What disorders are associated with dopamine dysfunction?

A

Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia

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5
Q

What is the predominant anatomical pathway for serotonin?

A

The raphe nuclei

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6
Q

What disorders are associated with serotonin dysfunction?

A

Depression and anxiety disorders

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7
Q

What is the predominant anatomical pathway for norepinephrine?

A

The locus coeruleus

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8
Q

What disorders are associated with norepinephrine dysfunction?

A

Depression and anxiety disorders

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9
Q

What is the predominant anatomical pathway for acetylcholine?

A

The basal forebrain

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10
Q

What disorders are associated with acetylcholine dysfunction?

A

Alzheimer’s disease and myasthenia gravis

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11
Q

What is the predominant anatomical pathway for glutamate?

A

The cortex and hippocampus

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12
Q

What disorders are associated with glutamate dysfunction?

A

Epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases

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13
Q

What is the predominant anatomical pathway for GABA?

A

The cortex and hippocampus

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14
Q

What disorders are associated with GABA dysfunction?

A

Epilepsy and anxiety disorders

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15
Q

What are the major classes of receptors for dopamine?

A

D1-like and D2-like receptors

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16
Q

What are the major classes of receptors for serotonin?

A

5-HT1, HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, and 5-HT5 receptors.

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17
Q

What are the major classes of receptors for norepinephrine?

A

Alpha and beta receptors

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18
Q

What are the major classes of receptors for acetylcholine?

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

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19
Q

What are the major classes of receptors for glutamate?

A

NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors.

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20
Q

What are the major classes of receptors for GABA?

A

GABA-A and GABA-B receptors

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21
Q

What are the molecular sites where drugs can act to affect neuronal function?

A

Receptors

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22
Q

What are the cellular sites where drugs can act to affect neuronal function?

A

Synapses

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23
Q

What are the biochemical sites where drugs can act to affect neuronal function?

A

Neurotransmitter synthesis

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24
Q

Define the blood-brain barrier

A

A selective barrier that limits the passage of substances from the blood into the brain

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25
Q

What factors determine whether a drug will gain access to the CNS?

A

Lipid solubility

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26
Q

What is the challenge in CNS pharmacology related to the complexity of the CNS?

A

Difficulty relating cellular level effects to whole organ effects

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27
Q

What is the challenge in CNS pharmacology related to disease understanding?

A

Poor understanding of CNS diseases

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28
Q

Why can CNS-active drugs have opposing effects?

A

Because they may act at multiple sites

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29
Q

Why is it challenging to treat CNS disorders with a single therapeutic agent?

A

Many CNS disorders involve multiple brain regions and pathways

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30
Q

What approach is used in psychiatry for diagnosing CNS disorders?

A

Symptom-based diagnostic approach

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31
Q

How do CNS drugs typically reach the brain?

A

By crossing the blood-brain barrier

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32
Q

What is the primary action of antipsychotic drugs?

A

Blocking dopamine receptors

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33
Q

What is the primary action of antidepressant drugs?

A

Increasing levels of serotonin and/or norepinephrine

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34
Q

What is the primary action of anxiolytic drugs?

A

Enhancing the effect of GABA

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35
Q

What is the primary action of anticonvulsant drugs?

A

Stabilizing neuronal membranes

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36
Q

What is the primary action of sedative-hypnotic drugs?

A

Depressing CNS activity

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37
Q

What is the primary action of stimulants?

A

Increasing the release of norepinephrine and dopamine

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38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs?

A

Blocking the reuptake of serotonin

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39
Q

What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

A

Enhancing the effect of GABA

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40
Q

What is the mechanism of action of antipsychotics?

A

Blocking dopamine receptors

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41
Q

What is the mechanism of action of lithium?

A

Modulating neurotransmitter levels and receptor sensitivity

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42
Q

What are the side effects of SSRIs? i

A

Nausea, headache, sexual dysfunction.

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43
Q

What are the side effects of benzodiazepines?

A

Drowsiness, dizziness, dependence.

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44
Q

What are the side effects of antipsychotics?

A

Weight gain

45
Q

What are the side effects of lithium?

46
Q

What is the therapeutic use of SSRIs?

A

Treating depression and anxiety disorders

47
Q

What is the therapeutic use of benzodiazepines?

A

Treating anxiety and insomnia

48
Q

What is the therapeutic use of antipsychotics?

A

Treating schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

49
Q

What is the therapeutic use of lithium?

A

Treating bipolar disorder

50
Q

What is the therapeutic use of stimulants?

A

Treating ADHD and narcolepsy

51
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The ability of the brain to change and adapt

52
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

The formation of new neurons

53
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time

54
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength

55
Q

What is long-term depression?

A

A long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength

56
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in the brain?

A

Memory formation and spatial navigation

57
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in the brain?

A

Emotional processing and fear response

58
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the brain?

A

Decision making

59
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia in the brain?

A

Movement regulation and habit formation

60
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum in the brain?

A

Coordination of voluntary movements and balance

61
Q

What is the primary use of antipsychotic drugs?

A

Treating schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

62
Q

What is the primary use of anxiolytic drugs?

A

Treating anxiety and insomnia

63
Q

What is the primary use of anticonvulsant drugs?

A

Treating epilepsy and preventing seizures

64
Q

What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

A

Enhancing the effect of GABA

65
Q

What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs?

A

Blocking the reuptake of serotonin

66
Q

What are common side effects of SSRIs?

67
Q

What are common side effects of benzodiazepines?

A

Drowsiness dizziness dependence

68
Q

What are common side effects of antipsychotics?

A

Weight gain diabetes extrapyramidal symptoms

69
Q

What are common side effects of lithium?

A

Tremor hypothyroidism kidney damage

70
Q

What is the therapeutic use of SSRIs?

A

Treating depression and anxiety disorders

71
Q

What is the therapeutic use of benzodiazepines?

A

Treating anxiety and insomnia

72
Q

What is the therapeutic use of lithium?

A

Treating bipolar disorder

73
Q

What is the therapeutic use of stimulants?

A

Treating ADHD and narcolepsy

74
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The ability of the brain to change and adapt

75
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

The formation of new neurons

76
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time

77
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength

78
Q

What is long-term depression?

A

A long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength

79
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in the brain?

A

Memory formation and spatial navigation

80
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in the brain?

A

Emotional processing and fear response

81
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the brain?

A

Decision making planning and social behavior

82
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia in the brain?

A

Movement regulation and habit formation

83
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum in the brain?

A

Coordination of voluntary movements and balance

84
Q

What are antipsychotics used for?

A

Treating psychosis

85
Q

What are benzodiazepines used for?

A

Anxiety seizures and insomnia

86
Q

What are SSRIs used for?

A

Depression anxiety disorders and OCD

87
Q

What are mood stabilizers used for?

A

Bipolar disorder and mood swings

88
Q

What is the primary action of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

Blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

89
Q

What are the side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

Dry mouth blurred vision constipation

90
Q

What is the mechanism of action of MAOIs?

A

Inhibiting the activity of monoamine oxidase

91
Q

What are the side effects of MAOIs?

A

Hypertensive crisis insomnia and weight gain

92
Q

What is the therapeutic use of MAOIs?

A

Treating depression

93
Q

What is the primary action of atypical antipsychotics?

A

Blocking dopamine and serotonin receptors

94
Q

What are the side effects of atypical antipsychotics?

A

Weight gain diabetes and metabolic syndrome

95
Q

What is the mechanism of action of lithium?

A

Modulating neurotransmitter levels and receptor sensitivity

96
Q

What is the therapeutic use of lithium?

A

Treating bipolar disorder

97
Q

What is the primary action of anxiolytic drugs?

A

Enhancing the effect of GABA

98
Q

What is the mechanism of action of antipsychotics?

A

Blocking dopamine receptors

99
Q

What are common side effects of antipsychotics?

A

Weight gain diabetes extrapyramidal symptoms

100
Q

What is the therapeutic use of antipsychotics?

A

Treating schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

101
Q

What is the primary action of anticonvulsant drugs?

A

Stabilizing neuronal membranes

102
Q

What is the therapeutic use of anticonvulsant drugs?

A

Treating epilepsy and preventing seizures

103
Q

What are the side effects of anticonvulsant drugs?

A

Drowsiness

104
Q

What is the primary action of sedative-hypnotic drugs?

A

Depressing CNS activity

105
Q

What is the therapeutic use of sedative-hypnotic drugs?

A

Treating insomnia and anxiety

106
Q

What are the side effects of sedative-hypnotic drugs?

A

Drowsiness

107
Q

What is the primary action of stimulants?

A

Increasing the release of norepinephrine and dopamine

108
Q

What is the therapeutic use of stimulants?

A

Treating ADHD and narcolepsy

109
Q

What are the side effects of stimulants?

A

Insomnia appetite suppression and increased heart rate

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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