pituitary + hypothalamus

Question 1

pituitary gland is aka

Answer 1

hypophysis

Question 2

the pituitary gland is derived from ______

Answer 2

2 diff embryological pouches - adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

Question 3

discuss adenohypophysis

Answer 3

forms anterior pituitary - from ectoderm cells from roof of pharynx = rathke’s pouch

Question 4

the anterior pituitary contains ______

Answer 4

glandular cells that secrete hormones

Question 5

release of hormones by anterior pituitary is controlled by ______

Answer 5

hypothalamus

Question 6

discuss the neurohypophysis

Answer 6

forms posterior pituitary from floor of ventricular system

Question 7

the posterior pituitary contains ______

Answer 7

axons and axon terminals from cells in hypothalamus

Question 8

the posterior pituitary secretes ______

Answer 8

oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 9

the hypothalamus is ____ to optic chiasm

Answer 9

posterior to optic chiasm but some portions are dorsal to optic chiasm

Question 10

bulge between optic chiasm and mammillary bodies

Answer 10

tuber cinereum

Question 11

the infundibulum arises from the _____

Answer 11

tuber cinereum

Question 12

the infundibulum continues inferiorly as the _____

Answer 12

pituitary stalk

Question 13

significance of median eminence

Answer 13

region where hypothalamic nuc release regulating factors

Question 14

regulating factors released by median eminence are carried by _____ to _____

Answer 14

carried by portal vessels to the anterior pituitary

Question 15

pituitary gland lies within the ______

Answer 15

pituitary fossa

Question 16

saddle shaped depression on the sphenoid bone

Answer 16

sella turcica

Question 17

the sella turcica houses the ______

Answer 17

pituitary gland

Question 18

found beneath the floor of sella turcica

Answer 18

sphenoid sinus

Question 19

dura covering the superior portion of the pituitary fossa

Answer 19

Diaphragma Sella

Question 20

_____ traverses the diaphragma sella

Answer 20

pituitary stalk

Question 21

the pituitary fossa is bound laterally by _____

Answer 21

cavernous sinus

Question 22

the pituitary fossa lie behind and inferior to the _____

Answer 22

optic chiasm

Question 23

from optic chiasm to lamina terminalis and anterior commissure

Answer 23

preoptic area

Question 24

the preoptic area merges caudally c _____

Answer 24

midbrain tegmentum

Question 25

how does the hypothalamus maintain homeostasis

Answer 25

by interacting with and exerting regulatory influences over other systems

Question 26

how does hypothalamus have endocrine control

Answer 26

via pituitary gland

Question 27

3 areas of hypothalamus from medial to lateral

Answer 27

periventricular medial lateral

Question 28

lies closest to the 3rd ventricle

Answer 28

Periventricular Nucleus

Question 29

fibers of the _____ pass through hypothalamus otw to _____

Answer 29

fornix pass through the hypothalamus otw to mammillary body

Question 30

fibers of the fornix pass through the hypothalamus on the way to the mammillary body, dividing it to

Answer 30

medial and lateral hypothalamic area

Question 31

what is found in the lateral hypothalamic area

Answer 31

lat hypothalamic nucleus, medial forebrain bundle and other nuc

Question 32

it runs through the lateral hypothalamic area in rostrocaudal direction

Answer 32

medial forebrain bundle

Question 33

the medial forebrain bundle carry connection to and from _____

Answer 33

hypothalamus

Question 34

4 regions of medial hypothalamic area from anterior to posterior

Answer 34

preoptic anterior or supraoptic midlle hypothalamic (tuberal) posterior hypothalamix

Question 35

what is found on preoptic region

Answer 35

lateral and medial preoptic nucleus continuations of lateral and medial hypothalamic area rostrally

Question 36

what is found on the anterior region

Answer 36

supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 37

the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus contain

Answer 37

oxytocin or vasopressin to project to the posterior pituitary

Question 38

function of suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 38

“master clock” for circadian rhythms

Question 39

suprachiasmatic nucleus receive inputs from

Answer 39

retinal ganglion cells

Question 40

what does the middle hypothalamic region contain

Answer 40

arcuate nucleus

Question 41

function of arcuate nucleus

Answer 41

project to median eminence to control pituitary

Question 42

structure responsible for hypothalamic control of ANS

Answer 42

paraventricular nuc - mainly dorsomedial hypothalamic nuc, lateral and posterior hypothalamus

Question 43

discuss connections of ANS control

Answer 43

medial forebrain bundle to dorsolateral brainstem and periaqueductal gray matter

Question 44

MFB synapse c _____ in brainstem

Answer 44

preganglionic PSY nuclei

Question 45

MFB synapse c ____ in sacral spinal cord

Answer 45

intermediate zone

Question 46

MBF synapse c _____ in intermediolateral cell column of thoracolumbar SC

Answer 46

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Question 47

discuss hypothalamic-limbic pathway

Answer 47

hippocampal formation to mammillary body via fornix then mammillary body to anterior thalamic nucleus

Question 48

discuss mammillary body to anterior thalamic nucleus

Answer 48

via mammillothalamic tract then to cingulate gyrus

Question 49

amygdala has _____

Answer 49

reciprocal connections

Question 50

amygdala has reciprocal connections via

Answer 50

stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathways

Question 51

function of hypothalamic-limbic pathways

Answer 51

emotional influence on autonomic and homeostatic pathways and immune system physical expression of emotion

Question 52

nucleus found in hypothalamic-limbic pathway

Answer 52

lateral hypothalamic and ventromedial

Question 53

function of lateral hypothalamic nucleus in ANS

Answer 53

rage

Question 54

function of ventromedial nucleus in ANS

Answer 54

passivity

Question 55

function of lateral hypothalamus

Answer 55

hunger center - appetite

Question 56

lesion on lateral hypothalamus

Answer 56

cause decrease body weight

Question 57

function of medial hypothalamus

Answer 57

satiety center - inhibits appetite

Question 58

what specific nucleus inhibits appetite

Answer 58

ventromedial nucleus

Question 59

lesion in medial hypothalamus

Answer 59

cause obesity

Question 60

hormone released by adipose tissue

Answer 60

leptin

Question 61

leptin binds to _____ in hypothalamus

Answer 61

Ob receptors

Question 62

function of leptin

Answer 62

reduce appetite

Question 63

secreted by gastric mucosal cells

Answer 63

ghrelin

Question 64

ghrelin binds to _____

Answer 64

hypothalamus

Question 65

function of ghrelin

Answer 65

stimulates appetite

Question 66

exp how thirst is felt

Answer 66

activation of osmoreceptors in anterior regions of hypothalamus

Question 67

regions of hypothalamus responsible in thermoregulation

Answer 67

anterior and posterior hypothalamus

Question 68

discuss role of anterior hypothalamus in thermoregulation

Answer 68

detects inc in body - activates heat dissipation, vasodilation and sweating

Question 69

discuss role of posterior hypothalamus in thermoregulation

Answer 69

conserves heat - heat production, vasoconstriction, inhib sweating, shivering

Question 70

hormone for sexual desire and motivational states

Answer 70

oxytocin

Question 71

oxytocin is produced in _____ and released in _____

Answer 71

produced in hypothalamus and released in posterior pituitary

Question 72

function of oxytocin in mothers

Answer 72

Increase nurturing behaviors

Question 73

anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 73

o Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) o Growth hormone (GH) o Prolactin (PRL) o Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) o Luteinizing hormone (LH) o Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 74

what controls anterior pituitary

Answer 74

hypothalamus via releasing or release inhibiting factors thereby controlling hormone production of anterior pituitary

Question 75

posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 75

oxytocin vasopressin - arginine vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone

Question 76

release of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by hypothalamus through _______

Answer 76

hypophysial portal system

Question 77

pituitary gland receives arterial blood from _____

Answer 77

inferior and superior hypophysial arteries

Question 78

neurons lying adjacent to the 3rd venticle project to the

Answer 78

median eminence

Question 79

what are the neurons adjacent to 3rd vent

Answer 79

arcuate nucleus, periventricular nucleus, medial parvocellular portions of the paraventricular nucleus

Question 79

hormones in hypophyseal portal system are carried by _____ to anterior pituitary

Answer 79

hypophysial portal veins

Question 80

hormones from pituitary area picked up by _____ of the portal system

Answer 80

secondary capillary plexus

Question 81

from secondary capillary plexus it is then carried by _____ to ______

Answer 81

draining veins to cavernous sinus

Question 82

oxytocin is synthesized in which nuclei

Answer 82

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Question 83

discuss hypothalamohypophyseal tract

Answer 83

for oxytocin and vasopressin pass along axons the absorbed in fenestrated capillaries of post lobe of pituitary then secreted dun din

Question 84

vasopressin is synthesized in which nuclei

Answer 84

supraoptic nucleus

Question 85

function of vasopressin

Answer 85

vasoconstriction and anti-diuretic inc absorption of water

Question 86

relate supraoptic nuc and kidneys

Answer 86

supraoptic nuc acts as a osmoreceptor; high osmotic BP = inc vasopressin = inc water reabsorption of kidney

Question 87

function of oxytocin

Answer 87

contraction of smooth muscles in uterus and myoepithelial cells in alveoli and breast duct for milk

Question 88

regulates release of hormones

Answer 88

Hypothalamic – Pituitary Axis