Pilgrimage of Grace Flashcards
What first sparked the Lincolnshire rebellion?
The presence of government commissioners in the region who were overseeing the dissolution of the smaller monasteries and visitations of the clergy
Why did the rebels blame ‘evil counsellors’ in the Lincolnshire rebellion?
rebelling against the king would be treason
rebels used language to make it clear not rebelling against him but his ‘evil counsellors’ that misled him
Why did the rebels want to make it clear they weren’t rebelling against Henry himself?
Presenting themselves as loyal subkect concerned about the mismanagement of the realm would mean the king would listen to their grievances
How did the rebels show they were not acting in self-interest?
used the word ‘commonwealth’ (term used to describe what was good for the realm) to claim they were acting for the common good, not out of self-interest
Other concerns of the Lincolnshire rising
1534 subsidy and the inability of the Lincolnshire men to pay were included
Key events of Lincolnshire - 1) arrival of government commissioners
Bishop of Lincoln’s officer at Louth to carry out a visitation of the clergy
3000 people met together at Louth and government commissioners were forced to flee
Key events of Lincolnshire - 2) rebellion made serious
10,000 men joined the rebellion and local members of the nobility Lord Hussey and Lord Clinton (who should have stopped the rebels) fled
Key events of Lincolnshire - 3) drawing up the articles
Different rebel groups march to and reach Lincoln to draw up the Lincoln Articles 1536 which was sent to London
Key events of Lincolnshire - 4) effective king’s response
reply from the king to their petition which threatened the rebels with severe punishment unless they disbanded
disbanded because if the rebels were to fight the king’s army, it would be open treason and no chance of negotiation
Key events of Lincolnshire - 5) rebels disbanded
the king’s army led by the Duke of Suffolk was only 40 miles away
Rather than fight, the gentry decided to ask Suffolk for a pardon which caused anger among the commons but they were persuaded to go home
Key events of Lincolnshire order
1) arrival of government commissioners
2) rebellion made serious
3) drawing up the articles
4) effective king’s response
5) rebels disbanded
Who supported the Lincolnshire rebellion?
Monks from Lincolnshire Abbeys, ordinary men and women from Louth, gentry
Possible explanation for the gentry joining the LR
claimed they joined to control the rebellion and to prevent it becoming violent/dangerous
Threat of the LR to Henry’s government - support
rebellion gained momentum - numbers swelled up to 10,000, the rebels were able to march up to Lincoln and the nobility fled
nvolvement of monks and clergy added to potential seriousness - church usually helped the tudors keep control as it reinforced ideas of odediance and social hierachy
Threat of the LR to Henry’s government - organisation
Potentially serious because some local gentry became involved - Rebellion gained leadership and organisation
Threat of the LR to Henry’s government - Henry’s response
Lincolnshire revolt out down almost swiftly as it emerged - A royal army quickly marched to Lincolnshire led by the Duke of Suffolk
government was able to deal with the Lincolshire rising without risking a battle
Threat of the LR to Henry’s government - half-hearted support of the gentry
The gentry were unwilling to risk their lives and property by risking treason
When threatened by punishment, they quickly backed down and this also meant that Duke of Suffolk was able to persuade the rebels to go home
Threat of the LR to Henry’s government - lack of a threat
rebels were loyal to Henry - they did not seek to challenge his right to rule
the local nobility did not join the rising
Henry’s mistake after LR
government was able to deal with it quickly - lulled Henry to a false sense of security as he disbanded a second army he had sent North leaving only the Duke of Suffolk to finish suppressing trouble
Aims and motives of POG
anger over the dissolution and their fear of the economic and social consequences - alms to poor
Pontefract articles complained about enclosure and unfair rises in rent imposed by landlords and remission from the 1534 subsidy
POG: Events in East Riding - Yorkshire
pilgrimage rose up with support of the nobility attracting 10,000 followers taking over the city of York
At York, Aske issues a proclamation
Rebels captured the port of Hill and Pontefract Castle - Lord Darcy (trying to defend castle) eventually joined
POG: Events in North Riding - Yorkshire
Rebels rose with support of local nobility/gentry - Lord Latimer and Sir Christopher Derby + Robert Bowes
Rebels captured Barnard Castle before meeting up with Aske’s rebels
What did Aske’s proclamation state?
The rebels peaceful intentions and their determination to protect the church
Which leading members of the nobility and gentry supported the POG
Lord Latimer, Robert Bowes and Sir Christopher Derby
By late October where had the rebels reached?
Most of the North and North East of England, they failed in Lancashire because the Earl of Derby remained loyal to Henry and put down rebels
What did Lord Darcy do when they captured Pontefract?
He wrote letters to the king asking for help, did little to actually stop the rebels and then eventually got persuaded to join in
How many armies were there and how many rebels in total in POG?
9 armies with 30,000 rebels
Threat of the POG to Henry’s government - support
9 armies with 30,000 rebels
had in its ranks well-trained fighters who had recent military experience in the wars against Scotland
Situation made worse with the northern genry joining the rebellion
Members of the nobility, gentry, clergymen and monks as well as commons supported
Threat of the POG to Henry’s government - organisation
nine rebel houses formed across the North and all looked to Aske as their overall capitain
Aske was an educated lawyer who was able to articulate the rebles fears, he also came up with the name
Threat of the POG to Henry’s government - Henry’s response
militaty resources were over stretched as the Duke of Suffolk was still restoring order in Lincolshire and Henry’s overconfidence led him to send home a second army
Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Shrewsbury marched North with an army of about 8000 men - outnumbered with little choice but to negotiate
How Norfolk dealt with the rebels at POG
Meet rebels at Pontefract in October 1936 - agreed demands would be taken to the king
Meet rebels at Doncaster in December 1936 where Norfolk granted pardon rebels asked and a promise of a parliament to be held in the North of England
News of the king’s pardon reached the rebel camp and many started to go home as Norfolk hoped
Henry’s actions in the POG
Aske travelled to London (treated courteously) and returned to North convinced of Henry’s good intentions and that the rebels had won - Henry was simply biding his time until he could take revenge
What did Norfolk promise the rebels and what outcome did it have?
A parliament in the North and a pardon from Henry which led the rebels to go home
What had rebels realised in 1537?
That Henry had tricked them and the Duke of Norfolk had returned to London for much longer than expected
Events of Bigod’s rising
Unsuccessful rising, planned to capture Scarborough and Hull - only a few hundred rebels joined
In the North commons attacked Carlisle fearing gentry (previously led them) had betrayed them but were put down
What did Bigod’s rising give Henry the excuse to do?
Punish the rebels: trials and 144 executions, Aske, Hussey, Percy, Bigod and Darcy were executed
Bigod’s rising - Henry’s response
Put down by brutal force by Henry who was determined to take his revenge
Duke of Norfolk was sent North and carried out a brutal suppression of the Carlisle rebels - hanged
Bigod’s rising - role of the gentry
Leaders of the Pilgrimage were being recruited by the government to put down the risings - by siding with government, they were able to avoid punishment themselves
Punishing the rebels
gentry and nobility who had taken the greatest role in leading the Pilgrimage e.g. Aske and Darcy were arrested and taken to London - charged with new crimes as previously pardoned
At least 144 people were executed including Aske, Sir Thomas Percy, Bigod and Hussey
