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Pathology 1 (Black Semester) > Pigmentations & Tissue Deposits > Flashcards

Pigmentations & Tissue Deposits Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main categories of pigments?

A

1) Hematogenous pigments
2) Melanin
3) Lipofuscin
4) Exogenous pigments

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2
Q

What are 4 types of Hematogenous pigments?

A

1) Hemoglobin
2) Hemosiderin
3) Bilirubin
4) Porphyrins

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3
Q

What are the 3 main categories of Tissue depositis?

A

1) Calcification
2) Amyloid
3) Uric Acid

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4
Q

What are 3 type of Calcification?

A

1) Dystrophic
2) Metastatic
3) Calcinosis cutis

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5
Q

What is the cause of the jaundice color that comes from RBC catabolism?

A

Bilirubin

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6
Q

What animal species do not have Biliverdin reductase so they accumulate Biliverdin instead of Bilirubin?

A

Birds

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7
Q

What is the end product of the breakdown of the Heme group?

A

Bilirubin

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8
Q

In Hemoglobin Catabolism, what are the 2 pathways that Conjugated bilirubin will go once in the bile duct?

A

1) Most will be secreted into the GI tract
2) Some will go back into the blood

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9
Q

Term used when too much bilirubin in the blood

A

Hyperbilirubinemia

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10
Q

Term used when Bilirubinemia >2mg/dl

A

Jaundice

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11
Q

Definition of Jaundice/Icterus

A

Increased bilirubin in tissues

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12
Q

What are 2 gross descriptions of Jaundice/Icterus

A

1) Yellow-green discoloration of tissue or fluid
2) Most prominent in mucous membranes, adventicial surfaces

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13
Q

What is the ONLY organ tissue that you DO see pigment in jaundiced tissues?

A

Cholestatic liver

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14
Q

What is a microscopic description of Jaundice/Icterus?

A

Yellow-brown intracellular (hepatocytes, kupffer cells) or extracellular pigment (bile canalliculi)

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15
Q

What are 3 types of hyperbilirubinemia and main characteristic of each one?

A

1) Pre-hepatic -> too much breakdown of RBCs
2) Hepatic -> Hepatocyte dysfunction
3) Post-Hepatic -> buildup of conjugated bilirubin in blood

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16
Q

In Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia, what happens and what is the cause?

A

Bilirubin production exceeds hepatocellular uptake

Cause: Hemolysis (intravascular or extravascular)

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17
Q

In Hepatic hyperbilirubinemia, what are the 3 types of hepatocellular dysfunction and the cause of it all?

A
  1. Decreased bilirubin uptake
  2. Decreased conjugation
  3. Decreased secretion in bile

Causes: Hepatic insufficiency, hepatitis, hepatocellular degeneration

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18
Q

In Posthepatic hyperbilirubinemia, what happens and what causes it?

A

Reflux of conjugated bilirubin into blood

Causes: Biliary obstruction (cholestasis) or rupture

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19
Q

Which mechanism of jaundice is to blame with this sheep?

A

Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia

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20
Q

What are 2 gross descriptions of Hemoglobinuria?

A

1) Red-brown coloration of kidney and urine
2) Pink serum

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21
Q

What is a microscopic description of Hemoglobinuria?

A

Red-orange material in renal tubules

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22
Q

What are 2 ways of hemoglobin catabolism?

A

1) Extravascular hemolysis
2) Intravascular hemolysis

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23
Q

What happens in Extravascular Hemolysis?

A
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24
Q

What happens in Intravascular Hemolysis?

A
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25
Q

Extravascular and Intravascular hemolysis BOTH result in jaundice

True or False?

A

True

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26
Q

What are the 5 etiologies of Intravascular hemolysis?

A

1) Oxidative damage (most common)
2) Erythrocyte metabolic deficiency
3) Infectious
4) Immune-mediated
5) Direct membrane damage

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27
Q

Copper Toxicosis falls under which etiology of Intravascular hemolysis?

A

Oxidative damage

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28
Q

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis falls under which etiology of Intravascular hemolysis?

A

Immune-mediated

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29
Q

What is the end result of Acute Copper Toxicosis in small ruminants?

A

Hemoglobinuria

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30
Q

Which is most severe (Prehepatic, Hepatic, or Posthepatic)?

A

Posthepatic

31
Q

Which has the slowest onset (Prehepatic, Hepatic, or Posthepatic)?

A

Hepatic

32
Q

Prehepatic, Hepatic, or Posthepatic? (IMHA)

A

Prehepatic

33
Q

Prehepatic, Hepatic, or Posthepatic? (infectious canine hepatitis (adenovirus))

A

Hepatic

34
Q

Prehepatic, Hepatic, or Posthepatic? (Hepatic lipidosis)

A

Hepatic

35
Q

Prehepatic, Hepatic, or Posthepatic? (Biliary calculus)

A

Posthepatic

36
Q

What are 4 things that can be done clinically to determine the cause of jaundice?

A

1) CBC
2) Urinalysis
3) Chemistry Panel
4) Diagnostic Imaging

37
Q

What is the end result of Neonatal Isoerythrolysis?

A

Immune mediated intravascular hemolysis

38
Q

How is Hemosiderin stored as?

A

Iron stored intracellularly as ferritin

39
Q

What is a gross decription of Hemosiderin?

A

Must have alot to impart gross brown color

40
Q

What are 2 microscopic descriptions of Hemosiderin?

A

1) Dark-yellow-brown, coarse granular cytoplasmic pigment
2) Stains blue-black with prussion blue/Perls

41
Q

What are 2 types of Hemosiderin accumulation and what does it contain?

A
  1. Local:
    - Chronic congestion (heart failure cells)
    - Hemorrhage
  2. Widespread:
    - Hemolysis
    - Inherited disorders of Fe storage
42
Q

Erythropoietic porphyria has an inherited deficiency of what enzyme and what does this result in?

A

uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase

porphryins accumulate in dentin and bone

43
Q

What are 2 gross decriptions of Erythropoietic porphyria?

A

1) Pink-red discolored bones and teeth
2) Fluoresces with UV light

44
Q

What is a gross description and microscopic description of Melanin?

A

Grossly -> Black/brown tissue

Microscopically -> Fine brown/black cytoplasmic granules

45
Q

What enzyme is needed for Melanin synthesis?

A

Tyrosinase

46
Q

What are 3 things that activates Tyrosinase activity?

A

1) UV light
2) Hormones (MSH)
3) Inflammation

47
Q

What is Lipofuscin derived from and commonly found in?

A

Derived from breakdown of lipids
Found in aged cells and injured cells (Wear and tear pigment)

48
Q

What is a gross description and microscopic description of Lipofuscin?

A

Grossly:

  • Usually nothing
  • Large accumulation = brownish color tissue

Microscopically:

-Golden-brown, fine granular cytoplasmic pigment

49
Q

Accumulation of vitamin A causing yellow-orange
discoloration leads to what type of exogenous pigment?

A

Carotenoid pigmentation

50
Q

Diagnosis when Carbon deposits accumulate in cells

A

Anthracosis

51
Q

What is a gross description and microscopic descrition of Calcification?

A

Grossly:

-Hard, white gritty granules/plaques

Microscopically:

  • Basophilic amorphous granules
  • Stain black with von Kossa stain
52
Q

Local deposit of Ca2+ in areas of injury happens in which type of Calcification?

A

Dystrophic

53
Q

Widespread deposit of Ca2+ in otherwise normal tissues happens in which type of calcification?

A

Metastatic

54
Q

What causes Dystrophic calcification?

A

Ca2+ ions interact with fatty acids producing insoluble calcium soaps (Saponification)

55
Q

What causes Metastatic calcification?

A

Hypercalcemia

56
Q

What are 5 favorite sites for Metastatic Calcification?

A

1) Vascular intima/adventicia
2) Gastric mucosa
3) Renal tubular epithelium
4) Pulmonary interstitium, pleura
5) Basement membranes

57
Q

What is the best morphological diagnosis for our dog case?

A

Metastatic calcification

58
Q

What are 2 causes of Hypercalcemia?

A

1) Excess PTH
2) Excess Vitamin D

59
Q

Dystrophic or Metastatic? (acute pancreatitis)

A

Dystrophic

60
Q

Dystrophic or Metastatic? (cow liver)

A

Dystrophic

61
Q

Dystrophic or Metastatic? (granuloma)

A

Dystrophic

62
Q

Dystrophic or Metastatic? (cow heart)

A

Metastatic

63
Q

Dystrophic or Metastatic? (calcinosis circumscripta)

A

Dystrophic

64
Q

Dystrophic or Metastatic? (dog skin)

A

Trick Question: Its neither

This is Calcinosis Cutis and seen with dogs with Hyperadrenocorticism

65
Q

What is Amyloid made up of?

A

Fibrils made of stacked β- pleated sheets

66
Q

What are 2 gross decriptions and 2 microscopic descriptions of Amlyoid?

A

Grossly:

  • Enlarged, firm, waxy organs
  • Stains blue violet with iodine and sulfuric acid

Microscopically:

  • Amorphous homogenous eosinophilic extracellular material (hyaline)
  • Stains pink and has green birefringence with polarized light when stained with Congo Red
67
Q

What are 4 types of Amyloid?

A

1) Amyloid A (most common)
2) Amyloid Light Chain (AL)
3) Endocrine Amyloid
4) AB Amyloid

68
Q

What type of amyloid is deposited in ‘reactive systemic amyloidosis’?

A

Amyloid A

69
Q

What 2 breeds is Reactive Systemic Amyloidosis hereditary in?

A

1) Sharpeis
2) Abyssinians

70
Q

Term used for accumulation of uric acid in tissues

A

Gout

71
Q

What animal species does not have uricase (uric acid is end product)?

A

Birds and reptiles

72
Q

Decreased renal function or dehydration results in gout in what animals species?

A

Birds and reptiles

73
Q

Diet, genetic disorders or chemotherapy results in gout in what animal species?

A

Mammals

74
Q

Term used for granulomatous inflammation surrounding deposit

A

Tophi

Pathology 1 (Black Semester) (7 decks)

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