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Pathology 1 (Black Semester) > Bone Pathology Part 1 > Flashcards

Bone Pathology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is bone marrow is located at?

A

Medullary Cavity

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2
Q

Periosteum -> ______ bone

Endostetum -> ______ bone

A

Periosteum -> outside the bone

Endostetum -> inside the bone

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3
Q

Term referred as composed of extracellular matrix containing
primarily glycoproteins and collagen fibers

A

Osteoid

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4
Q

Osteoid undergoes mineralization, by deposition of ______, to form bone

A

Calcium hydroapatite (CHAP) crystals

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5
Q

Bone matrix contain growth factors that help in what 3 bone settings?

A

1) Bone development
2) Bone modeling
3) Bone remodeling

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6
Q

What 4 types of cellular elements in bone?

A

1) Osteoblasts
2) Osteocytes
3) Lining cells (inactive osteoblasts)
4) Osteoclasts

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7
Q

What are 2 types of bone based on maturity and their pattern?

A

1) Woven bone -> Immature bone
* -Collagen fibers in woven bone are in crisscross (woven) pattern microscopically.
2) Lamellar bone -> Mature bone.
* -Collagen fibers are in a parallel pattern.

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8
Q

What are 2 types of bone growth and where does it occur?

A

1) Intramembranous ossification

  • Occurs within “membranes” of primitive mesenchymal tissue
  • Flat bones of the skull

2) Endochondral ossification

  • Occurs in majority of bones of theskeleton.
  • Bone develops from hyaline cartilage and replaced by osseous tissue in the ossification centers
  • Limbs, vertebral column, pelvis, base of skull
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9
Q

Term referred to membranous appositional growth is normal but interstitial growth of cartilage is abnormal leading to premature closure of growth plates, which decreases length of long bones

A

Chondrodysplasia

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10
Q

Chondrodysplasia is seen in what animals?

A
  • Beef breeds: Angus, Hereford
  • Dexter bulldog (congenital lethal chondrodysplasia)
  • Chondrodystrophic dog breeds (localized chondrodysplasias)
    • Dachshund, pug, basset hound, bulldogs, boxers
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11
Q

What is the diagnosis?

A

Congenital Lethal Chondrodysplasia (Dexter Bulldog)

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12
Q

Localized skeletal dysplasia or degenerative joint disease affecting axial skeleton is called what Growth and Developmental Abnormality?

A

Cervico-vertebral stenotic myelopathy (Wobbler’s Syndrome):

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13
Q

The syndrome results in ____ or _____ compression of the cervical spinal cord (SC) by abnormal cervical vertebrae.

A

Dynamic or Static

Dynamic -> Neck is flexed

Static -> Doesn’t matter position of the neck

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14
Q

What is the diagnosis?

A

Cervico-vertebral stenotic myelopathy (Wobbler’s Syndrome):

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15
Q

What is Osteopetrosis?

A
  • Inherited disease caused by osteoclast failure to reabsorb the primary spongiosa
  • This failure results in an increased bone density and lack of medullary (bone marrow) spaces.
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16
Q

What is this Growth and Developmental
Abnormality called?

A

Osteopetrosis

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17
Q

Osteopetrosis often results to? (2 things)

A

1) Osteosclerosis (increased bone density)
2) Aplastic anemia

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18
Q

What is Congenital cortical hyperostosis of pigs?

A

Limbs (primarily forelimbs) look swollen from excessive deposition of radiating trabeculae on periostal surface and blocking local lymphatic circulation

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19
Q

Wordbank: Polymelia, Amelia, Phocomelia, Hemimelia, Micromelia, Polydactylia, Syndactylia

Term for Absence of distal half of a limb

A

Hemimelia

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20
Q

Wordbank: Polymelia, Amelia, Phocomelia, Hemimelia, Micromelia, Polydactylia, Syndactylia

Term used for Supernumerary digits

A

Polydactylia

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21
Q

Wordbank: Polymelia, Amelia, Phocomelia, Hemimelia, Micromelia, Polydactylia, Syndactylia

Term used for absence of proximal portion(s) of a limb(s)

A

Phocomelia

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22
Q

Wordbank: Polymelia, Amelia, Phocomelia, Hemimelia, Micromelia, Polydactylia, Syndactylia

Term used for absence of a limb(s)

A

Amelia

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23
Q

Wordbank: Polymelia, Amelia, Phocomelia, Hemimelia, Micromelia, Polydactylia, Syndactylia

Term used for fusion of digits

A

Syndactylia

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24
Q

Wordbank: Polymelia, Amelia, Phocomelia, Hemimelia, Micromelia, Polydactylia, Syndactylia

Term used for abnormally small/short limb(s)

A

Micromelia

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25
Q

Wordbank: Polymelia, Amelia, Phocomelia, Hemimelia, Micromelia, Polydactylia, Syndactylia

Term used for supernumerary limbs

A

Polymelia

26
Q

Wordbank: Kyphoscoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis

Term used for lateral deviation of vertebral column

A

Scoliosis

27
Q

Wordbank: Kyphoscoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis

Term used for dorsal deviation of vertebral column

A

Kyphosis

28
Q

Wordbank: Kyphoscoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis

Term used for ventral deviation of vertebral column

A

Lordosis

29
Q

Wordbank: Kyphoscoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis

Term used for dorso-lateral deviation of vertebral column

A

Kyphoscoliosis

30
Q

Angular Limb Deformities:

Which is which?

A
31
Q

What are Metabolic Bone Diseases also known as?

A

Osteodystrophies

32
Q

What are 4 etiologies for Metabolic Bone Diseases?

A

1) Nutritional
2) Hormonal
3) Disuse
4) Toxic

33
Q

What are the 5 main types of Metabolic Bone Diseases?

A

1) Osteoporosis
2) Rickets
3) Osteomalacia
4) Fibrous Osteodystrophy
5) Toxic Osteodystrophy

34
Q

What is Osteoporosis charactericterized by?

A

Osteopenia (decrease in amount of bone tissue)

35
Q

What are 3 etiologies of Osteoporosis?

A

1) Nutritional
2) Aging
3) Disuse

36
Q

What is the diagnosis?

A

Osteoporosis/Osteopenia

37
Q

Rickets affects young growing animals

True or False?

A

True

38
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Rickets?

A

Defective calcification of osteoid and defective endochondral ossification

39
Q

What is the etiology of Rickets?

A

Multifactorial but involves vitamin D or P deficiency

40
Q

What are gross descriptions of Rickets?

A
  • Thickening of growth plates with uncalcified cartilage extending into the metaphysis
  • Enlarged ends of long bones and enlargement of costochondral junctions (rachitic rosary)
  • Weight-bearing long bones may become bowed
41
Q

Rickets was the first “air pollution disease”

True or False?

A

True

(Sunlight is the best prevention and treatment of Rickets)

42
Q

What is the diagnosis?

A

Rickets

43
Q

Osteomalacia affects young growing animals

True or False?

A

False

Affects grown adult animals (closed growth plates)

44
Q

What is Fibrous Osteodystrophy charactericterized by?

A

Extensive bone resorption and replacement by fibrous CT and poorly mineralized immature bone

45
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of Fibrous Osteodystrophy

True or False?

A

True

46
Q

Primary Hyperparathyroidism has 2 underlying causes: Nutritional & Renal

True or False?

A

False

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Nutritional -> seen in horses
Renal -> seen in dogs

47
Q

What is the diagnosis?

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Nutritional)

“Bran disease”, “Big head”

48
Q

What is the diagnosis?

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Renal)

“Rubber jaw”

49
Q

What are 3 types of Toxic Osteodystrophies?

A

1) Lead poisoning
2) Fluoride poisoning
3) Hypervitaminosis A

50
Q

_____ and _____ are marked sensitive to excess fluoride
leading to soft dark-brown discolored teeth that easily
wear down

A

Ameloblasts and odontoblasts

51
Q

What is the diagnosis?

A

Toxic Osteodystrophy by lead poisoning (“lead-line”)

52
Q

Cats that consume high contents of bovine livers (high vitamin A content) for a long period of time will lead to what?

A

Deforming cervical spondylosis

53
Q

What are 2 terms used for bone reaction to injury leading to necrosis?

A

1) Osteonecrosis
2) Osteosis

54
Q

Term used for piece of necrotic bone isolated from remaining viable bone

A

Sequestrum

55
Q

Term used for walling off sequestrum results in forming a layer of granulation tissue and reactive bone

A

Involucrum

56
Q

Term used for bone shattered into tiny pieces

A

Comminuted

57
Q

Term used for fracture of trabeculae without external deformation of cortical bone

A

Microfracture/Infarction

58
Q

Term used for pull of ligament/muscle tendon at its insertion into bone

A

Avulsed

59
Q

Type of bone fracture in which normal bone broken by force

A

Traumatic

60
Q

Type of bone fracture in which abnormal bone broken by minimal trauma or normal weight bearing

A

Pathologic

61
Q

What are 4 types of complications associated with bone fractures?

A

1) Bone necrosis and formation of a sequestrum
2) Nonunion fracture
3) Osteomyelitis
4) Cachexia

Pathology 1 (Black Semester) (7 decks)

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