Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology 1 (Black Semester) > Neoplasia Part 2 > Flashcards

Neoplasia Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What animal model are used for experimentally-induced experiments?

A

Nude Mice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What animal model are used for naturally occurring experiments?

A

Aged dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When does mutation occur?

A

During DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

“___” lies at the heart of carcinogenesis

A

Non-lethal genetic damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 Types of Animal Models

A

1) Experimentally-induced 2) Naturally occurring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 Types of Cancer Phenotypes

A

1) DNA mutations
2) Epigenetic Changes
3) Chromosomal Alterations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

6 Types of DNA Mutations

A

1) Point Mutation
2) Deletion
3) Insertion
4) Recombination
5) Amplification
6) Gene conversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 Types of Epigenetic Changes

A

1) DNA Methylation
2) Imprinting
3) Histone Methylation
4) Histone Acetylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

4 Types of Chromosomal Alterations

A

1) Duplication
2) Deletion
3) Translocation
4) Inversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Term used refering to heritable changes in gene expression in somatic cells resulting from something other than a change in the DNA sequence

A

Epigenetic Changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process seen at what two levels?

A

Phenotypic and Genetic levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 processes of development for cancer?

A

1) Initiation
2) Promotion
3) Progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is the Initiation Phase in cancer development Genetic or Nongenetic?

A

Genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is the Promotion Phase in cancer development Genetic or Nongenetic?

A

Nongenetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is the Progression Phase in cancer development Genetic or Nongenetic?

A

Trick Question: Its both Genetic/Nongenetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is the Initiation Phase in cancer development Reversible or Irreversible?

A

Irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is the Promotion Phase in cancer development Reversible or Irreversible?

A

Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is the Progression Phase in cancer development Reversible or Irreversible?

A

Trick Question: Its both Reversible/Irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the four classes of normal regulatory genes that are
targets of genetic damage and play role in
carcinogenesis?

A
  1. Growth-promoting proto oncogenes
  2. Growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
  3. Genes that regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis)
  4. Genes involved in DNA repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the gene that is growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor gene, “Guardian of the Genome”, “Molecular policeman”, and maintains the integrity of the genome?

A

p53 gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 8 changes in cell physiology that determine malignant phenotype?

A
  1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
  2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
  3. Evasion of apoptosis
  4. Defects in DNA repair
  5. Limitless replicative potential
  6. Sustained angiogenesis
  7. Ability to invade and metastasize
  8. Ability to escape form immunity and rejection
22
Q

What is the term used for the immune response in the presence of neoplastic cells?

A

Immune Surveillance

23
Q

Two Types of Tumor Antigens

A

1) Tumor-specific antigens
2) Tumor-associated antigens

24
Q

Which type of tumor antigen are useful for diagnosis but only a few actually exists?

A

Tumor-specific antigens

25
Q

What is the major immune defense mechanism against tumors?

A

CD8+ Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

26
Q

Interferon-gamma (IFN-y) is a cytokine produced by what 2 types of cells that are potent activator of macrophages?

A

1) T-cells
2) NK cells,

27
Q

What are 2 types of causes for Tumor etiology?

A
  1. Macro-environmental (extrinsic) causes
  2. Micro-environmental (intrinsic) causes
28
Q

UV, ionizing radiation, chemical carcinogens, oncoviruses are examples of what type of tumor etiology?

A

Macro-environmental (extrinsic) causes

29
Q

Heritable genetic changes, byproducts of normal metabolism (ROS) are examples of what type of tumor etiology?

A

Micro-environmental (intrinsic) causes

30
Q

What is the etiology and what causes this?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Hereford cow

Caused by UV radiation

31
Q

What is the etiology and what causes this?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma in (White) Cats

Caused by Actinic (Solar) Keratosis

32
Q

What are 2 effects of Tumors on the Host?

A

1) Local and hormonal effect
2) Paraneoplastic syndromes

33
Q

What is the etiology and what causes this?

A

Cancer Cachexia

Caused by TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IFN-gamma, prostaglandins and PIF
(proteolysis inducing factor)

34
Q

What is the difference between Cancer Cachexia and Cachexia?

A

Cancer Cachexia -> loss of both fat AND body muscle mass

Cachexia -> loss of ONLY body fat

35
Q

Cancer cachexia is not due to nutrition or local damage.

True or False?

A

True

36
Q

Name 7 examples of Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

1) Cachexia
2) Hypercalcemia of malignancy
3) Hypoglycemia
4) Thrombotic disease
5) Peripheral neuropathy
6) Nodular dermatofibrosis
7) Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

37
Q

Hypercalcemia from osteolysis by skeletal metastases is a paraneoplastic syndrome

True or False?

A

False

It is NOT a paraneoplastic syndrome

38
Q

What is the most common cause of persistent
hypercalcemia?

A

Neoplasia

39
Q

What are 6 clinical signs of hypercalcemia?

A

1) Muscle weakness
2) Cardiac arrhythmia (rare)
3) Anorexia
4) Vomiting
5) Renal Failure
6) Polyuria/polydipsia

40
Q

What 4 other causes should also be considered and ruled out before diagnosing persistent hypercalcemia?

A

1) Hyperparathyroidism
2) Renal failure
3) Hypoadrenocorticism
4) Hypervitaminosis D

41
Q

What are 2 causes of Malignant Hypercalcemia in dogs?

A

1) Apocrine Gland Carcinomas of the Anal Sacs -> ~90%
2) Lymphosarcomas -> ~10%

42
Q

What is the etiology and what causes this?

A

Hypertrophic Osteopathy

Caused by space-occupying lesions in the lungs

43
Q

What is the etiology and what causes this?

A

Nodular Dermatofibrosis

Caused by an underlying bilateral renal disease such as Polycystic kidneys, renal cystadenomas, or cystadenocarcinomas (most
common)

44
Q

What breed of dogs are associated with Nodular Dermatofibrosis?

A

German Shepherd dogs

45
Q

With Immunohistochemistry, the availability of ____ help identify cell products or surface markers

A

Monoclonal antibodies

46
Q

What are 4 advantages of using Immunohistochemistry
in tumor diagnosis?

A
  1. Categorize undifferentiated malignant tumors
  2. Categorize leukemias/lymphomas
  3. Determine site of origin of metastatic tumors
  4. Determine molecules that have prognostic or therapeutic
    significance
47
Q

If breast cancer cells tests positive for estrogen receptors, what do you use to treat with?

A

Tamoxifen

(antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue)

48
Q

Staging more useful than grading in clinical point of view.

True or False?

A

True

49
Q

Term used based on degree of differentiation of the tumor

A

Grading

50
Q

Term used based on size of primary tumor, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, and presence or absence of hematogenous metastases

A

Staging

51
Q

The 3 components of the TNM System

T: ?

N: ?

M: ?

A

T: Primary tumor (size)

N: Regional Lymph Node involvement

M: Blood-borne metastases

Pathology 1 (Black Semester) (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions