Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM PID continued > PID Immunology > Flashcards

PID Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

The immune system is a system designed to prevent and eliminate ________?

A

infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why do we need both an innate and an adaptive immunity?

A

innate quick and but not specific -slows the antigen while abd can be produces
adaptive is memory that is very specific and when activated they very fast and efficient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the positives and negatives of an innate response?

A

positive: fast; cleans up after the adaptive; no auto immune posibility
neg: always the same response; non specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the positives and negatives of an adaptive response?

A

Pos: specific, memory fast acting if remembered
neg:prone to auto immune, slow the first time; over reaction to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the skin function as part of the immune system?

A

mechanical barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does normal flora function as part of the immune system?

A

prevents pathogenic bacteria from colonizing by crowding them out /killing them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the chemical barriers associated with skin that function with the immune system?

A

NaCl
organic acids
Beta defenses (most widely distributed, secreted by leukocytes and epithelia cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 6 ways mucus membranes function participate with the immune system?

A
  1. sticky mucus
  2. cilliary action
  3. lysozomes and antibacterial peptides
  4. cell sloughing/high turnover rate
  5. secretory IgA antibodies
  6. NF bact.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

interferon alpha is a type 1 ______ interferon that includes what 4 principle producer cells?
what are its inducing agents?
what is its major type of action?

A 
leukocyte interferon
1. leukocytes
2. fibroblasts
3. epithelia cells
4. macrophages
virus w/ double-stranded RNA
antiviral action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are 5 contributing factors to a host’s susceptibility?

A 
Age
genetics
metabolic factors
neuroendocrine factors
environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the differences between adaptive and innate immunity?

A

Adaptive
- slow response; very specific; needs activation; produces memory
Innate
- fast responses; not as specific; always on patrol; No memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the steps of phagocytosis?

A 
catch
engulf
mix with lysosomes
lysosome enzymes destroy bacteria
release debris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do natural killer cells do / what are they looking for?
What part of immunity are they?
They work with MHC__?
Are they T or B cells?

A

-are looking for the absence of self (viral infections)
- innate immunity
- work with MHC1
- T cells but not cd8 T cells
proliferate with INF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what would stratified epithelium be?

A. Chemical barrier
B. Innate 
C. Mechanical barrier
D. Covered in normal flora
E. All the above
A

E. All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compared to mature animals, young animals…

A. Have a stronger immune system
B. More prone to disease
C. Less likely to develop immunity
D. Have stronger constitutive factors

A

B: more prone to dz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who are considered to be the “first responders”?

A. Monocyte
B. Neutrophils
C. T cells
D. Naïve
 E. immunocompetent B cells
A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or False

Macrophages are only made once an infection is detected?

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Adaptive immunity is characterized by?

A. Fast response
B. High effectiveness in C. young animals
D. Memory
E. Perfect recognition of self

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which is NOT true about Eosinophils?

A. They create allergies
B. They defend against helminths
C. They are eosin stained
D. They are part of the adaptive immune

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

NK cells recognize?

A. Bacteria PAMPs
B. Altered self
C. APCs
D. B and T cells

A

B

NK cells look for missing self by way of altered self receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which is less selective?
Which is more specific?

A. Adaptive
B. Innate

A

less selective - innate

more specific - Adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neutrophils are part of?

A. Innate
B. Adaptive
C. Both

A

A - innate immunity?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what do INF’s do?

A

hinder the spread of viruses and warn nearby cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the complement system trying to create?

A

MAC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cell mediated immunity occurs inside or outside the cell?

A

inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

humoral immunity occurs inside or outside the cell?

A

outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cell mediated immunity consists of?

A

CD8 or cytotoxic T cells
MCH1
occurs in the cell (viral defense)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Humoral immunity consists of?

A

B cells
antibodies
MCH2
occurs outside the cell (bacterial defense)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

antibodies are produced by what cells?

A

Plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what antibodies are produced in the first vs the second response?

A 
first = IgM
second = IgG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Are antibodies part of the first or second response in immunity?

A. first
B. second
C. both

A

C. Both
1st = IgM
2nd = IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

antibodies shaped like a Y. What are the 2 components of the antibody?

A 
variable end ( runs the whole length of the Y(heavy chain)
Constant end runs the length of the bifurcation top of the Y.(light chain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the part of the antibody that recognizes the antigen?
what part of the antibody is it associated with?

A

Paratopes = part of variable end (heavy chain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q 
CD8 or CytoToxic T cells are…
A. Innate Humoral
B. Adaptive Humoral
C. Innate Cell Mediated
D. Adaptive Cell Mediated
A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

True or false

Antibody type changes from First to Secondary immune response

A

True

IgM –> IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What complement is the MAC

A. C3
B. C2
C. C9
D. C4

A

C

5Cb6C7C8C9C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What 2 pathways share the same C3 Convertase?

A. Classical, Alternative
B. Alternative, Lectin
C. Lectin, Classical
D. None of the above

A

C

C4bC2b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

C4bC2b is…

A. C3 Convertase of alternative
B. C3 Convertase of classical
C. C5 Convertase of alterative
D. C5 Convertase of classical

A

B

39
Q

Complement works by creating a ____ in the target cell membrane.

A

hole

40
Q

T cells are _________ immunity where

B cells and antibodies are ________.

A

Cell mediated

Humoral

41
Q

Antibodies have a constant end to work with _____ immunity and a variable end for the _______ immunity.

A

innate

adaptive

42
Q

Second response has a _____ log phase and a _______ response than the first responce

A

shorter

stronger

43
Q

Major Histocompatablity Complex type 1 consists of?

A

Cytotoxic T cells
NK Cells
All nucleated cells have MHC1
Intra cellular

44
Q

Major Histocompatablity Complex type 2 consists of?

A

CD4
B cells
APCs
Extra cellular

45
Q

_______ cells are MHC2 restricted.

A

CD4

46
Q

________ cells are MHC1 restricted.

A

CD8

47
Q

Viral fragments are bound to MHC1 in their ________.

A

endoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

bacterial peptides are put on MHC2 surface in ________.

A

vesicles

49
Q

with MCH2 bacteria is _____ to kill bacteria.

A

phagocytosed

50
Q

antigens are degraded by proteasomes in the ________ pathway

A

cytotoxic

51
Q

with presentation of an antigen, a ________ will present a ________ with a MHC II

A

APC

CD4 T cell

52
Q

with antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The _______ end of an AB binds to the target.
Nk cells recognize the ______ end of the AB.
This signals the ______ to kill the target cell

A

variable
Constant
NK cells

53
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells are…

A. MHC1 Restricted
B. MHC2 Restricted

A

MCH1 restricted

54
Q

true or false

ALL nucleated cells have MHC1

A

true

55
Q

Who processes antigens to be presented to the adaptive immunity.

A. False, antigens don’t need to be processed
B. CD8 cells
C.. APCs
D. neutrophils

A

C

56
Q

interferon beta is a type 1 ______ interferon that includes what 4 principle producer cells?
what are its inducing agents?
what is its major type of action?

A 
fibroblast interferon
1. leukocytes
2. fibroblasts
3. epithelial cells
4. macrophages
virus w/ double-stranded RNA
antiviral action
57
Q

interferon beta is a type II ______ interferon that includes what 3 principle producer cells?
what are its inducing agents? ?
what is its major type of action?

A 
immune interferon
1. T lymphocytes
2. macrophages
3. NK cells
mitogens; antigens; interleukin-2
immune stimulation
58
Q

what receptors will recognize pathogen associated molecular patters (PAMPS)

A

PRR’s (pattern recognition receptors)

  • toll-like receptors (TLR’s)
  • Rig-like receptors (RLR’s)
59
Q

NC cells detect ______ using ______ receptors

A

missing self using altered self receptors

60
Q

what is the result of the terminal pathway?

A

C5 -C9 form the MAC

61
Q

what activates the classical pathway?

A

C reactive Protein attaches to pathogen surface and binds C1

62
Q

what activates the lectin pathway?

A

MLB(mannan binbding lectin)

associated serin protease-2 (MASP-2)

63
Q

what is optimization?

A

antigen fragments bind to C3b making is easier for macrophages to phagocytize them

64
Q

an _______ is the site of the antigen that will bind specifically to a paratope of the antibody?

A

epitope

65
Q

What is the initial complement component of the lectin pathway?

A

C4 & C2

66
Q

what are the 5 initial complement components of the classical pathway after binding of the c protein?

A

C1q; C1r; C1s; C4; C2

67
Q

the “tick over” phase of the ________ pathway is always occurring in the _______ phase.

A

alternative

liquid

68
Q

what are the activator of the alternative pathway?

A

C3 contacts a cell wall

69
Q

C3bBb is C3 convertase and C3bBbC3b is C5 convertase in which pathway

A

Alternative

70
Q

what is the role of C3a & C5a in relation to complement activation-bioactive substances?

A 
activate inflammatory responce 
- activate segs
- macrophage - chemotactic gradient attraction
- vasodialation
- smooth m. contraction
mass cell degranulation
71
Q

when immunoglobbins are cut with papain or pepsin what fragments do you get?

A

papain will yield

pepsin will yield

72
Q

_______ are the part of the antibody which recognizes an antigen and binds it to this antigen-binding site of the antibody.

A

paratopes

73
Q

paratopes are part of what region of the antibody?

A

Fab region

74
Q

what activates the alternative pathway?

A

contact of C3 with microbial cell wall

75
Q

what is the initial complement component of the alternative pathway?

A

C3

76
Q

what are the consequences of the complement activation?

A
  • lysis from Mac
  • opsonization from C3b
  • activation from inflammatory response from C3a & C5a
  • clearance of immune complexes via phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complexs
77
Q

MHC II are only found on what cells?

MHC I are only found on which cells?

A

MCH II is on B cells; macrophages and dendritic cells (APC’s)
MHC I is on all nucleated cells including APC’s

78
Q

what is the difference in T helper cell 1 & 2?

A
  • T helper 1 (cell-mediated)
    will release cytokine leading to the activation/aid of the macrophage killing the pathogen
  • T helper 2 (humoral)
    will release cytokines stimulating B cells to produce antibodies
79
Q

what cells are ADCC?

what do they do?

A

antibody dependent cytotoxic cells
seg; macrophage; eosinophils and NK cells
antibody binds to and actively lysis a target cell

80
Q

5 ways bacteria evade host’s innate immune responses.

A
  1. evasion of antimicrobial peptides
  2. impairment of tracheal clearance
  3. adhesion and penetration of epithelial barriers
  4. evasion of phagocytosis
  5. evasion of complement killing
81
Q

a way parasites evade host immune responses?

A

antigen variation

82
Q

evasion of antimicrobial peptides by microbes includes?

A

reduce production or inactivate the peptide

beta defensins

83
Q

impairment of tracheal clearance

A
  • release toxins to slow or stop cilia motility

- produce NO into epithelia cells that have cilia impairing the cilia’s function

84
Q

evasion of phagocytosis or survival of phagocytosis by microbes includes?

A

Evasion
- inactivation of C5a = no activation of the location for infection
- capsules
Surviving phagocytosis
- living within the phagocytic cell by surviving the lysosomes/proteases (inhibit oxidative killing/degrade H2O2)
- lysis of cell
- leave the vacuole and get into the cytoplasm of the phagocyte

85
Q

evasion of complement killing by microbes includes?

prevention of host immune response

A
  • activating mask substance of self like a capsule or expressing IgA or SA sialic acid on their surface
  • produce inhibiters of BDA factors of binding factor H on their surface
  • covering MAC hole or prevent the attachment of MAC with large lipopolysaccharides(LPS)
  • inactivate C5a = minimal inflammatory response
  • active plasminogen to plasmin to cleave C3b
86
Q

what are the 7 adaptive immune evasion by microbes?

A
  1. antigenic variation(used by parasites as well)
  2. apoptosis or lysis of lymphocytes
  3. inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation
  4. superantigens
  5. effects on cytokine expression
  6. subversions of T regulatory cells
  7. degradation of immunoglobulins
87
Q 
antigenic variation(used by parasites as well)
(relapsing fever)
A

switching of antigen expression to keep population / a small populations(expressing more than 1 antigen at a time hidden from the specific antibodies

88
Q

apoptosis or lysis of lymphocytes

A

suicide induced by toxins - doesn’t promote immune respone

89
Q

superantigens

A

nonspecific stim of proliferation of immune cells over stimulating the immune system

90
Q

what are some viral immune avoidance strategies?

A
  • avoid exposure: block presentation by hiding in cell
  • location: tissue that doesn’t have an immune system like the brain
  • down regulate IF’s for response
91
Q

what are some viral immune escape strategies?

A
  • point mutations
  • ## reassortment of segmented genomes
92
Q

how do parasites evade immune system of hosts?

A
  1. antigenic variation
  2. molecular mimicry
  3. concealment of antigenic site -masking
  4. intracellular location
  5. immunosupression
93
Q

what activates and is the initial colplement component of the alternative pathway?

A

C3 contact with the cell wall

94
Q

Antigenic variation prevents recognition of an organism that has invaded a host before. This surface antigen switch can be seen in 3 ways what are they and define each.

A
  • Point mutation = antigen drift, one strain
  • Reassortment = antigen shift, two strains of segmented virus, “different genomes”
  • Recombination = two strains of an unsegmented virus, “different parts”

RUSVM PID continued (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions