PID Immunology Flashcards
The immune system is a system designed to prevent and eliminate ________?
infections
why do we need both an innate and an adaptive immunity?
innate quick and but not specific -slows the antigen while abd can be produces
adaptive is memory that is very specific and when activated they very fast and efficient.
what are the positives and negatives of an innate response?
positive: fast; cleans up after the adaptive; no auto immune posibility
neg: always the same response; non specific
What are the positives and negatives of an adaptive response?
Pos: specific, memory fast acting if remembered
neg:prone to auto immune, slow the first time; over reaction to infection
How does the skin function as part of the immune system?
mechanical barrier
how does normal flora function as part of the immune system?
prevents pathogenic bacteria from colonizing by crowding them out /killing them
what are the chemical barriers associated with skin that function with the immune system?
NaCl
organic acids
Beta defenses (most widely distributed, secreted by leukocytes and epithelia cells)
What are the 6 ways mucus membranes function participate with the immune system?
- sticky mucus
- cilliary action
- lysozomes and antibacterial peptides
- cell sloughing/high turnover rate
- secretory IgA antibodies
- NF bact.
interferon alpha is a type 1 ______ interferon that includes what 4 principle producer cells?
what are its inducing agents?
what is its major type of action?
leukocyte interferon 1. leukocytes 2. fibroblasts 3. epithelia cells 4. macrophages virus w/ double-stranded RNA antiviral action
what are 5 contributing factors to a host’s susceptibility?
Age genetics metabolic factors neuroendocrine factors environment
what are the differences between adaptive and innate immunity?
Adaptive
- slow response; very specific; needs activation; produces memory
Innate
- fast responses; not as specific; always on patrol; No memory
what are the steps of phagocytosis?
catch engulf mix with lysosomes lysosome enzymes destroy bacteria release debris
What do natural killer cells do / what are they looking for?
What part of immunity are they?
They work with MHC__?
Are they T or B cells?
-are looking for the absence of self (viral infections)
- innate immunity
- work with MHC1
- T cells but not cd8 T cells
proliferate with INF
what would stratified epithelium be?
A. Chemical barrier B. Innate C. Mechanical barrier D. Covered in normal flora E. All the above
E. All of the above
Compared to mature animals, young animals…
A. Have a stronger immune system
B. More prone to disease
C. Less likely to develop immunity
D. Have stronger constitutive factors
B: more prone to dz
Who are considered to be the “first responders”?
A. Monocyte B. Neutrophils C. T cells D. Naïve E. immunocompetent B cells
B
True or False
Macrophages are only made once an infection is detected?
false
Adaptive immunity is characterized by?
A. Fast response
B. High effectiveness in C. young animals
D. Memory
E. Perfect recognition of self
D
which is NOT true about Eosinophils?
A. They create allergies
B. They defend against helminths
C. They are eosin stained
D. They are part of the adaptive immune
D
NK cells recognize?
A. Bacteria PAMPs
B. Altered self
C. APCs
D. B and T cells
B
NK cells look for missing self by way of altered self receptors
Which is less selective?
Which is more specific?
A. Adaptive
B. Innate
less selective - innate
more specific - Adaptive
Neutrophils are part of?
A. Innate
B. Adaptive
C. Both
A - innate immunity?
what do INF’s do?
hinder the spread of viruses and warn nearby cells
what is the complement system trying to create?
MAC
cell mediated immunity occurs inside or outside the cell?
inside
humoral immunity occurs inside or outside the cell?
outside
cell mediated immunity consists of?
CD8 or cytotoxic T cells
MCH1
occurs in the cell (viral defense)
Humoral immunity consists of?
B cells
antibodies
MCH2
occurs outside the cell (bacterial defense)
antibodies are produced by what cells?
Plasma cells
what antibodies are produced in the first vs the second response?
first = IgM second = IgG
Are antibodies part of the first or second response in immunity?
A. first
B. second
C. both
C. Both
1st = IgM
2nd = IgG
antibodies shaped like a Y. What are the 2 components of the antibody?
variable end ( runs the whole length of the Y(heavy chain) Constant end runs the length of the bifurcation top of the Y.(light chain)
what is the part of the antibody that recognizes the antigen?
what part of the antibody is it associated with?
Paratopes = part of variable end (heavy chain)
CD8 or CytoToxic T cells are… A. Innate Humoral B. Adaptive Humoral C. Innate Cell Mediated D. Adaptive Cell Mediated
D
True or false
Antibody type changes from First to Secondary immune response
True
IgM –> IgG
What complement is the MAC
A. C3
B. C2
C. C9
D. C4
C
5Cb6C7C8C9C
What 2 pathways share the same C3 Convertase?
A. Classical, Alternative
B. Alternative, Lectin
C. Lectin, Classical
D. None of the above
C
C4bC2b
C4bC2b is…
A. C3 Convertase of alternative
B. C3 Convertase of classical
C. C5 Convertase of alterative
D. C5 Convertase of classical
B
Complement works by creating a ____ in the target cell membrane.
hole
T cells are _________ immunity where
B cells and antibodies are ________.
Cell mediated
Humoral
Antibodies have a constant end to work with _____ immunity and a variable end for the _______ immunity.
innate
adaptive
Second response has a _____ log phase and a _______ response than the first responce
shorter
stronger
Major Histocompatablity Complex type 1 consists of?
Cytotoxic T cells
NK Cells
All nucleated cells have MHC1
Intra cellular
Major Histocompatablity Complex type 2 consists of?
CD4
B cells
APCs
Extra cellular
_______ cells are MHC2 restricted.
CD4
________ cells are MHC1 restricted.
CD8
Viral fragments are bound to MHC1 in their ________.
endoplasmic reticulum
bacterial peptides are put on MHC2 surface in ________.
vesicles
with MCH2 bacteria is _____ to kill bacteria.
phagocytosed
antigens are degraded by proteasomes in the ________ pathway
cytotoxic
with presentation of an antigen, a ________ will present a ________ with a MHC II
APC
CD4 T cell
with antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The _______ end of an AB binds to the target.
Nk cells recognize the ______ end of the AB.
This signals the ______ to kill the target cell
variable
Constant
NK cells
Cytotoxic T Cells are…
A. MHC1 Restricted
B. MHC2 Restricted
MCH1 restricted
true or false
ALL nucleated cells have MHC1
true
Who processes antigens to be presented to the adaptive immunity.
A. False, antigens don’t need to be processed
B. CD8 cells
C.. APCs
D. neutrophils
C
interferon beta is a type 1 ______ interferon that includes what 4 principle producer cells?
what are its inducing agents?
what is its major type of action?
fibroblast interferon 1. leukocytes 2. fibroblasts 3. epithelial cells 4. macrophages virus w/ double-stranded RNA antiviral action
interferon beta is a type II ______ interferon that includes what 3 principle producer cells?
what are its inducing agents? ?
what is its major type of action?
immune interferon 1. T lymphocytes 2. macrophages 3. NK cells mitogens; antigens; interleukin-2 immune stimulation
what receptors will recognize pathogen associated molecular patters (PAMPS)
PRR’s (pattern recognition receptors)
- toll-like receptors (TLR’s)
- Rig-like receptors (RLR’s)
NC cells detect ______ using ______ receptors
missing self using altered self receptors
what is the result of the terminal pathway?
C5 -C9 form the MAC
what activates the classical pathway?
C reactive Protein attaches to pathogen surface and binds C1
what activates the lectin pathway?
MLB(mannan binbding lectin)
associated serin protease-2 (MASP-2)
what is optimization?
antigen fragments bind to C3b making is easier for macrophages to phagocytize them
an _______ is the site of the antigen that will bind specifically to a paratope of the antibody?
epitope
What is the initial complement component of the lectin pathway?
C4 & C2
what are the 5 initial complement components of the classical pathway after binding of the c protein?
C1q; C1r; C1s; C4; C2
the “tick over” phase of the ________ pathway is always occurring in the _______ phase.
alternative
liquid
what are the activator of the alternative pathway?
C3 contacts a cell wall
C3bBb is C3 convertase and C3bBbC3b is C5 convertase in which pathway
Alternative
what is the role of C3a & C5a in relation to complement activation-bioactive substances?
activate inflammatory responce - activate segs - macrophage - chemotactic gradient attraction - vasodialation - smooth m. contraction mass cell degranulation
when immunoglobbins are cut with papain or pepsin what fragments do you get?
papain will yield
pepsin will yield
_______ are the part of the antibody which recognizes an antigen and binds it to this antigen-binding site of the antibody.
paratopes
paratopes are part of what region of the antibody?
Fab region
what activates the alternative pathway?
contact of C3 with microbial cell wall
what is the initial complement component of the alternative pathway?
C3
what are the consequences of the complement activation?
- lysis from Mac
- opsonization from C3b
- activation from inflammatory response from C3a & C5a
- clearance of immune complexes via phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complexs
MHC II are only found on what cells?
MHC I are only found on which cells?
MCH II is on B cells; macrophages and dendritic cells (APC’s)
MHC I is on all nucleated cells including APC’s
what is the difference in T helper cell 1 & 2?
- T helper 1 (cell-mediated)
will release cytokine leading to the activation/aid of the macrophage killing the pathogen - T helper 2 (humoral)
will release cytokines stimulating B cells to produce antibodies
what cells are ADCC?
what do they do?
antibody dependent cytotoxic cells
seg; macrophage; eosinophils and NK cells
antibody binds to and actively lysis a target cell
5 ways bacteria evade host’s innate immune responses.
- evasion of antimicrobial peptides
- impairment of tracheal clearance
- adhesion and penetration of epithelial barriers
- evasion of phagocytosis
- evasion of complement killing
a way parasites evade host immune responses?
antigen variation
evasion of antimicrobial peptides by microbes includes?
reduce production or inactivate the peptide
beta defensins
impairment of tracheal clearance
- release toxins to slow or stop cilia motility
- produce NO into epithelia cells that have cilia impairing the cilia’s function
evasion of phagocytosis or survival of phagocytosis by microbes includes?
Evasion
- inactivation of C5a = no activation of the location for infection
- capsules
Surviving phagocytosis
- living within the phagocytic cell by surviving the lysosomes/proteases (inhibit oxidative killing/degrade H2O2)
- lysis of cell
- leave the vacuole and get into the cytoplasm of the phagocyte
evasion of complement killing by microbes includes?
prevention of host immune response
- activating mask substance of self like a capsule or expressing IgA or SA sialic acid on their surface
- produce inhibiters of BDA factors of binding factor H on their surface
- covering MAC hole or prevent the attachment of MAC with large lipopolysaccharides(LPS)
- inactivate C5a = minimal inflammatory response
- active plasminogen to plasmin to cleave C3b
what are the 7 adaptive immune evasion by microbes?
- antigenic variation(used by parasites as well)
- apoptosis or lysis of lymphocytes
- inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation
- superantigens
- effects on cytokine expression
- subversions of T regulatory cells
- degradation of immunoglobulins
antigenic variation(used by parasites as well) (relapsing fever)
switching of antigen expression to keep population / a small populations(expressing more than 1 antigen at a time hidden from the specific antibodies
apoptosis or lysis of lymphocytes
suicide induced by toxins - doesn’t promote immune respone
superantigens
nonspecific stim of proliferation of immune cells over stimulating the immune system
what are some viral immune avoidance strategies?
- avoid exposure: block presentation by hiding in cell
- location: tissue that doesn’t have an immune system like the brain
- down regulate IF’s for response
what are some viral immune escape strategies?
- point mutations
- ## reassortment of segmented genomes
how do parasites evade immune system of hosts?
- antigenic variation
- molecular mimicry
- concealment of antigenic site -masking
- intracellular location
- immunosupression
what activates and is the initial colplement component of the alternative pathway?
C3 contact with the cell wall
Antigenic variation prevents recognition of an organism that has invaded a host before. This surface antigen switch can be seen in 3 ways what are they and define each.
- Point mutation = antigen drift, one strain
- Reassortment = antigen shift, two strains of segmented virus, “different genomes”
- Recombination = two strains of an unsegmented virus, “different parts”
